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公开(公告)号：US06340819B1
公开(公告)日：2002-01-22
申请号：US09370769
申请日：1999-08-09
IPC分类号： G01J528
CPC分类号： H01J47/02 , H01J47/008
摘要： A detection apparatus for detecting an electron cloud includes a resistive anode layer with a detection plane upon which the electron cloud is incident. The resistive layer is capacitively coupled to a readout structure having a conductive grid parallel to the detection plane. Charge on the resistive layer induces a charge on the readout structure, and currents in the grid. The location of the induced charge on the readout structure corresponds to the location on the detection plane at which the electron cloud is incident. Typically, the detection apparatus is part of a detector, such as a gas avalanche detector, in which the electron cloud is formed by conversion of a high-energy photon or particle to electrons that undergo avalanche multiplication. The spacing between the anode layer and the readout structure is selected so that the width of the charge distribution matches the pitch between conductive segments of the grid. The resistivity of the anode layer is selected to be low enough to support the highest bandwidth of the readout electronics, but high enough to allow penetration of the charge through the anode layer to the readout structure.
摘要翻译： 用于检测电子云的检测装置包括具有电子云入射的检测面的电阻性阳极层。 电阻层电容耦合到具有平行于检测平面的导电栅格的读出结构。 电阻层上的电荷在读出结构上引起电荷，并在电网中产生电流。 读出结构上感应电荷的位置对应于电子云入射的检测平面上的位置。 通常，检测装置是诸如气体雪崩检测器的检测器的一部分，其中通过将高能光子或粒子转换成经历雪崩倍增的电子而形成电子云。 选择阳极层和读出结构之间的间隔，使得电荷分布的宽度与栅格的导电段之间的间距相匹配。 选择阳极层的电阻率足够低以支持读出电子器件的最高带宽，但足够高以允许电荷穿过阳极层到达读出结构。
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公开(公告)号：US07639783B1
公开(公告)日：2009-12-29
申请号：US12131341
申请日：2008-06-02
CPC分类号： G01N23/207 , G01T1/185
摘要： An X-ray detector is formed with a geometry in the form of a spherical polygon, including an entrance window, a grid and an anode. The spherical polygonal entrance window and the grid form a spherical polygonal drift region between them. The electric field in this region is radial and eliminates parallax broadening. A spherical polygonal amplification region between a resistive anode on an insulating support and the grid allows very high gas amplification and good protection against spark discharges. A readout electrode on the back side of the anode insulator detects induced charges and protects the readout electronics against sparks.
摘要翻译： 形成具有球形多边形形状的X射线检测器，其包括入口窗，栅格和阳极。 球形多边形入口窗和网格在它们之间形成一个球形多边形漂移区域。 该区域的电场是径向的，消除视差变宽。 绝缘支架上的电阻式阳极与电网之间的球形多边形放大区允许非常高的气体放大和良好的防止火花放电的保护。 阳极绝缘体背侧的读出电极检测感应电荷，并保护读出电子元件免受火花。
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3.发明授权X-ray detection system for wavelength dispersive and energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron beam applications 有权用于波长色散和能量色散光谱和电子束应用的X射线检测系统公开(公告)号：US07928400B1
公开(公告)日：2011-04-19
申请号：US12185565
申请日：2008-08-04
IPC分类号： H01L27/146 , H01L31/09
CPC分类号： H01L31/107 , G01T1/366 , H01J37/244 , H01J37/252 , H01J2237/2442 , H01J2237/24425
摘要： A detection system for wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive spectrometry comprises an X-ray detector formed from a solid-state avalanche photodiode with a thin entrance window electrode that permits the efficient detection of X-rays scattered from “light” elements. The detector can be tilted relative to the incident X-rays in order to increase the detection efficiency for X-rays scattered from “heavy” elements. The entrance window may be continuous conductive layer with a thickness in the range of 5 to 10 nanometers or may be a pattern of conductive lines with “windowless” areas between the lines. A signal processing circuit for the avalanche photodiode detector includes an ultra-low noise amplifier, a dual channel discriminator, a scaler and a digital counter. A linear array of avalanche photodiode detectors is used to increase the count rate of the detection system.
摘要翻译： 用于波长色散和能量色散光谱的检测系统包括由具有薄入口窗电极的固态雪崩光电二极管形成的X射线检测器，其允许有效检测从“轻”元件散射的X射线。 检测器可以相对于入射的X射线倾斜，以增加从“重”元件散射的X射线的检测效率。 入口窗口可以是厚度在5至10纳米范围内的连续导电层，或者可以是线之间具有“无窗”区域的导电线图案。 用于雪崩光电二极管检测器的信号处理电路包括超低噪声放大器，双通道鉴频器，定标器和数字计数器。 雪崩光电二极管检测器的线性阵列用于增加检测系统的计数率。
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公开(公告)号：US20070272872A1
公开(公告)日：2007-11-29
申请号：US11439657
申请日：2006-05-24
IPC分类号： G01T1/20
CPC分类号： G01T1/2018
摘要： An X-ray detector includes one or more photodetectors embedded in scintillating material. The photodetectors may have a needle-like, a column-like, or a ridge-like structure. The scintillating material is applied over the photodetector which can either be a p−i−n type diode, an n−i−p type diode, a Schottky diode, or an avalanche diode.
摘要翻译： X射线检测器包括嵌入闪烁材料中的一个或多个光电检测器。 光电检测器可以具有针状，柱状或脊状结构。 闪烁材料被施加在可以是p-i-n型二极管，n-i-p型二极管，肖特基二极管或雪崩二极管的光电检测器上。
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公开(公告)号：US07646847B2
公开(公告)日：2010-01-12
申请号：US12113505
申请日：2008-05-01
申请人： Bob B. He , Roger D. Durst
发明人： Bob B. He , Roger D. Durst
IPC分类号： G01N23/20
CPC分类号： G01N23/207
摘要： A handheld X-ray diffractometer comprises a miniaturized X-ray source and multiple area detectors to allow the diffractometer to obtain two-dimensional X-ray diffraction images in a large diffraction space without rotating the sample. The source and detectors are located inside of a radio opaque enclosure that protects the operator during use. The handheld diffractometer also comprises a sample monitoring and alignment system that allows an operator to observe the measuring area and to align the diffractometer to the sample from outside of the housing. A specially designed mouthpiece, which mates the diffractometer to the sample area, prevents x-ray leakage and triggers off the data collection. The detectors can be positioned to perform measurements necessary to calculate a mechanical stress in the sample. Linear detectors may also be used in place of the area detectors.
摘要翻译： 手持X射线衍射仪包括小型化X射线源和多个区域检测器，以允许衍射仪在大的衍射空间中获得二维X射线衍射图像，而不旋转样品。 源和检测器位于无线电不透明外壳内部，可在使用过程中保护操作者。 手持式衍射仪还包括样品监测和校准系统，其允许操作者观察测量区域并将衍射仪与壳体外部对准样品。 将衍射仪与样品区域配合的专门设计的接口管可防止X射线泄漏并触发数据采集。 可以将检测器定位成执行用于计算样品中的机械应力所需的测量。 也可以使用线性检测器来代替区域检测器。
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公开(公告)号：US07317784B2
公开(公告)日：2008-01-08
申请号：US11335161
申请日：2006-01-19
IPC分类号： H01J35/08
CPC分类号： H01J35/08 , G01N23/20 , G21K1/06 , H01J2235/081
摘要： A multiple wavelength X-ray source includes an electron-generating cathode and an anode with multiple target regions, each of which emits X-rays at a different characteristic wavelength in response to the electrons. The different X-ray radiation outputs are focused by different focusing sections of a focusing optic. The multiple focusing sections are in different respective locations, and each focuses its respective X-ray radiation onto a sample. The focusing sections may be side-by-side mirrors in a Kirkpatrick-Baez configuration, or in a single-bounce, doubly curved elliptical configuration.
摘要翻译： 多波长X射线源包括电子发生阴极和具有多个目标区域的阳极，每个靶区域响应于电子发射不同特征波长的X射线。 不同的X射线辐射输出由聚焦光学器件的不同聚焦部分聚焦。 多个聚焦部分在不同的相应位置，并且每个聚焦部分将其各自的X射线辐射聚焦到样品上。 聚焦部分可以是Kirkpatrick-Baez配置的并排反射镜，也可以是单反弹双椭圆形配置。
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公开(公告)号：US07403593B1
公开(公告)日：2008-07-22
申请号：US11237645
申请日：2005-09-28
申请人： Bob Baoping He , Roger D. Durst
发明人： Bob Baoping He , Roger D. Durst
CPC分类号： G21K1/062 , B82Y10/00 , G21K1/06 , G21K2201/067
摘要： An x-ray mirror provides focusing and monochromatization while maintaining a high degree of reflectivity. The mirror has at least two mirror portions, one with a multilayer surface that provides the desired monochromating, and the other with a total external reflection surface. The multiple surfaces combine to provide the desired focusing of the x-rays from a source to a focus point. A variety of configurations may be used, each of which does the desired focusing and monochromatization with minimal energy loss. Relative positioning of the mirror portions may also allow for adjustment of the focus length.
摘要翻译： x射线镜提供聚焦和单色化，同时保持高度的反射率。 镜具有至少两个镜部分，一个具有提供期望的单色的多层表面，另一个具有总的外部反射表面。 多个表面组合以提供从源到焦点的x射线的期望聚焦。 可以使用各种配置，每种配置以最小的能量损失进行所需的聚焦和单色化。 镜部分的相对定位还可以允许调整聚焦长度。
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公开(公告)号：US07248672B2
公开(公告)日：2007-07-24
申请号：US11111497
申请日：2005-04-21
申请人： Roger D. Durst , Bob Baoping He
发明人： Roger D. Durst , Bob Baoping He
CPC分类号： H01J35/08 , G01N2223/204 , H01J35/18 , H01J35/24 , H01J2235/081
摘要： An x-ray source provides both a line focus output and a point focus output, and is mounted on a rotatable support to allow easy changing between the two. A housing has ports at different angular positions relative to an anode, and each port has an associated optic appropriate for an x-ray beam passing through that port. Three or four ports may also be used to allow for different types of beam conditioning. The different beam optics may also do conditioning based on wavelength, and the anode may be of a composite material to provide different wavelength ranges. The rotatable support may be manual or motorized, and a lockout mechanism may be used to ensure that only one port is active at a time. The support may also be located on a movable table that is movable in multiple perpendicular directions.
摘要翻译： X射线源提供线路对焦输出和点对焦输出，并且安装在可旋转的支撑件上以允许在两者之间容易地变化。 壳体具有相对于阳极的不同角度位置处的端口，并且每个端口具有适合于穿过该端口的x射线束的相关联的光学元件。 也可以使用三个或四个端口来允许不同类型的光束调节。 不同的光束光学器件还可以基于波长进行调节，并且阳极可以是复合材料以提供不同的波长范围。 可旋转支撑件可以是手动的或机动的，并且可以使用锁定机构来确保一次只有一个端口是活动的。 支撑件也可以位于可在多个垂直方向上移动的可动台上。
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公开(公告)号：US06836532B2
公开(公告)日：2004-12-28
申请号：US10118981
申请日：2002-04-09
申请人： Roger D. Durst , Bob Baoping He
发明人： Roger D. Durst , Bob Baoping He
IPC分类号： G01N23207
CPC分类号： G01N23/207 , C30B7/00 , Y10T117/1004 , Y10T117/1024
摘要： A biological crystal formation screening apparatus uses an x-ray diffraction technique to analyze the sample containers of a sample tray for the presence of crystal formation. An x-ray source is directed toward a sample under investigation, and a two-dimensional x-ray detector is located to receive any diffracted x-ray energy. A positioning apparatus allows the different sample containers of a tray to be sequentially aligned with the source and detector, allowing each to be examined. The sample container is arranged such that a sample is located relative to the well solution so that the x-ray beam is directed to the sample without being incident on the well solution.
摘要翻译： 生物晶体形成筛选装置使用x射线衍射技术来分析样品盘的样品容器以存在晶体形成。 X射线源指向被研究的样本，并且二维X射线检测器被定位成接收任何衍射的X射线能量。 定位装置允许托盘的不同样本容器顺序地与源和检测器对准，从而允许每个样本容器被检查。 样品容器被布置成使得样品相对于孔溶液定位，使得x射线束被引导到样品而不会入射到井溶液中。
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公开(公告)号：US20090274274A1
公开(公告)日：2009-11-05
申请号：US12113505
申请日：2008-05-01
申请人： Bob Baoping He , Roger D. Durst
发明人： Bob Baoping He , Roger D. Durst
IPC分类号： G01N23/20
CPC分类号： G01N23/207
摘要： A handheld X-ray diffractometer comprises a miniaturized X-ray source and multiple area detectors to allow the diffractometer to obtain two-dimensional X-ray diffraction images in a large diffraction space without rotating the sample. The source and detectors are located inside of a radio opaque enclosure that protects the operator during use. The handheld diffractometer also comprises a sample monitoring and alignment system that allows an operator to observe the measuring area and to align the diffractometer to the sample from outside of the housing. A specially designed mouthpiece, which mates the diffractometer to the sample area, prevents x-ray leakage and triggers off the data collection. The detectors can be positioned to perform measurements necessary to calculate a mechanical stress in the sample. Linear detectors may also be used in place of the area detectors.
摘要翻译： 手持X射线衍射仪包括小型化X射线源和多个区域检测器，以允许衍射仪在大的衍射空间中获得二维X射线衍射图像，而不旋转样品。 源和检测器位于无线电不透明外壳内部，可在使用过程中保护操作者。 手持式衍射仪还包括样品监测和校准系统，其允许操作者观察测量区域并将衍射仪与壳体外部对准样品。 将衍射仪与样品区域配合的专门设计的接口管可防止X射线泄漏并触发数据采集。 可以将检测器定位成执行用于计算样品中的机械应力所需的测量。 也可以使用线性检测器来代替区域检测器。
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