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1.发明授权Electrolysis of alkali metal halides in a three-compartment cell with a pressurized buffer compartment 失效在具有加压缓冲隔室的三室电池中电解碱金属卤化物
公开(公告)号：US4214958A
公开(公告)日：1980-07-29
申请号：US38812
申请日：1979-05-14
摘要： The invention describes a pressurized, three compartment membrane cell for the electrolyzing aqueous alkali metal halides at low cell voltages and with high cathodic current efficiencies. Unitary electrode-electrolyte structures, in the form electrochemically active electrodes physically bonded to ion transporting permselective membranes divide the cell into anode, cathode and buffer compartments. The buffer compartment feed is pressurized to maintain at a positive pressure differential with respect to the anode and cathode compartment feeds. The flexible unitary electrode-membrane electrolytes are forced outwardly against electronically conductive anode and cathode current collectors to provide uniform, constant and controllable contact between the bonded electrodes and thereby minimizing ohmic losses. A three compartment cell operated in this fashion not only minimizes the voltage required to electrolyze the halide solution, but also increases the cathodic current efficiency at high caustic concentrations by providing multiple hydroxide rejection stages in a single cell process. The improvement in cathodic current efficiency is realized by forming a lower caustic concentration in the buffer compartment than in the cathode compartment thereby reducing backmigration of OH.sup.- ions into the anode compartment.
摘要翻译： 本发明描述了一种用于在低电池电压和高阴极电流效率下电解碱金属卤化碱水溶液的加压三室膜电池。 单电极 - 电解质结构，以电化学活性电极的形式物理键合到离子传输选择性选择膜将细胞分成阳极，阴极和缓冲隔室。 缓冲室进料被加压以相对于阳极和阴极室进料保持在正压差。 柔性单体电极 - 膜电解质被强制向外抵靠电子导电阳极和阴极集电器，以在接合的电极之间提供均匀的，恒定的和可控制的接触，从而最小化欧姆损耗。 以这种方式操作的三室单元不仅使电解卤化物溶液所需的电压最小化，而且通过在单个电池工艺中提供多个氢氧化物排除阶段来提高高苛性碱浓度下的阴极电流效率。 阴极电流效率的提高通过在缓冲室中形成比在阴极室中更低的苛性碱浓度来实现，从而减少OH-离子进入阳极室的反向迁移。
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2.发明授权Electrolysis of alkali metal halides in a three compartment cell with self-pressurized buffer compartment 失效在具有自加压缓冲隔室的三室电池中电解碱金属卤化物
公开(公告)号：US4212714A
公开(公告)日：1980-07-15
申请号：US38418
申请日：1979-05-14
摘要： The invention describes a self pressurized three compartment, membrane cell and a process for electrolyzing aqueous halide solutions at low cell voltages and high cathode current efficiencies. Electrochemically active electrodes are physically bonded to ion exchanging membranes which divide the cell into three compartments. The mass transport characteristics of the membranes are selected so that water brought into the center or buffer compartment along with the halide ions exceeds water transport out of the compartment. This results in good electrode to current collector contact as the membranes to which the electrochemically active electrodes are permanently bonded are forced against the current collectors.The instant invention relates to a process and apparatus for the electrolytic production of halogens and alkali metal hydroxides from aqueous alkali metal halide solutions. More particularly, it relates to the electrolysis of brine in a three compartment membrane cell having catalytic anode and cathode electrodes physically bonded to the permselective membranes which divide the cell into three compartments.
摘要翻译： 本发明描述了一种自加压三隔室，膜电池和用于在低电池电压和高阴极电流效率下电解卤化物溶液的方法。 电化学活性电极物理键合到离子交换膜，将细胞分成三个隔室。 选择膜的质量传输特性，使得与卤离子一起进入中心或缓冲室的水超过水输送出隔室。 这导致良好的电极到集电器接触，因为电化学活性电极被永久结合的膜被迫抵抗集电器。 本发明涉及从碱金属卤化物水溶液中电解生产卤素和碱金属氢氧化物的方法和装置。 更具体地说，本发明涉及一种具有催化阳极和阴极电极的物质结合到选择性选择膜的三室膜电池中的盐水电解，其将电池分成三个室。
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3.发明授权Multi layer ion exchanging membrane with protected interior hydroxyl ion rejection layer 失效多层离子交换膜与受保护的内部羟基离子排斥层
公开(公告)号：US4402806A
公开(公告)日：1983-09-06
申请号：US354854
申请日：1982-03-04
CPC分类号： C08J5/2275 , C25B1/46 , C25B13/00 , C08J2381/06
摘要： The performance of a permselective cation transporting membrane is improved by making the membrane a three or more layer structure in which the layer having the best hydroxyl (OH) ion rejection characteristic is in the interior of the membrane. The OH ion rejection layer, which typically has sulfonamide or carboxylic functional groups, is covered by a cation transporting layer having sulfonate functional groups to which the cathode electrode is attached by bonding or otherwise. This keeps the high caustic concentrations present at the membrane-electrode interface away from the sulfonamide, etc. rejection layer.
摘要翻译： 通过使膜具有三层或更多层结构，其中具有最佳羟基（OH）离子排斥特性的层位于膜的内部，从而提高了选择性阳离子传输膜的性能。 通常具有磺酰胺或羧基官能团的OH离子排斥层被具有磺酸基官能团的阳离子传输层覆盖，阴离子通过键合或其它方式连接到其上。 这保持了膜 - 电极界面处的高苛性浓度远离磺酰胺等拒绝层。
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公开(公告)号：US4455210A
公开(公告)日：1984-06-19
申请号：US439013
申请日：1982-11-03
摘要： A three layer cation transporting membrane in which the interior layer has the best hydroxyl ion (OH) rejection characteristics. The outer layers are preferably porous.
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5.发明授权Carbon fiber reinforced fluorocarbon-graphite bipolar current collector-separator 失效碳纤维增强氟碳石墨双极集电器分离器
公开(公告)号：US4339322A
公开(公告)日：1982-07-13
申请号：US142583
申请日：1980-04-21
IPC分类号： C08K7/06 , C08K13/04 , C25B9/00 , C25B9/04 , C25B9/20 , C25B11/10 , H01M8/02 , C25B11/00 , C25B11/12
CPC分类号： C25B9/206 , C08K13/04 , C08K7/06 , C25B9/00 , C25B9/04 , H01M8/0213 , H01M8/0226
摘要： A bipolar current collector-separator for electrochemical cells consists of a molded aggregate of electro-conductive graphite and a thermoplastic fluoropolymer particles reinforced with carbon fibers to increase the strength and maintain high electrical conductivity. The graphite and the thermoplastic fluoropolymer are combined in weight ratio ranging from 2.5:1 to 16:1. The carbon fibers may constitute from 10 to 80 weight percent of the conductive graphite. The bulk resistivity of such a molded bipolar current collector is less than 4.times.10.sup.-3 ohm inches (.sigma. in.) It has excellent corrosion resistance to a variety of feed stocks such as brine, aqueous HCl, water, etc. and to various electrolysis products, such as caustic, chlorine, hydrogen, etc.This invention relates to a molded, conductive, fiber reinforced, current collecting-separator structure for electrochemical cells and, more particularly, to one utilizing thermoplastic fluoropolymer resin binders for bonding electroconductive particles into a solid, current collecting-separator structure reinforced by carbon or graphite fibers or fiber structures.
摘要翻译： 用于电化学电池的双极集电器分离器由导电石墨的模制聚集体和用碳纤维增强的热塑性氟聚合物颗粒组成，以增加强度并保持高导电性。 石墨和热塑性氟聚合物以2.5:1至16:1的重量比组合。 碳纤维可以占导电石墨的10至80重量％。 这种模制的双极集电器的体电阻率小于4×10-3欧姆英寸（西格玛）它对各种原料如盐水，HCl水溶液，水等具有优异的耐腐蚀性，以及各种电解产品 ，诸如苛性碱，氯，氢等。本发明涉及一种用于电化学电池的模制的，导电的，纤维增强的电流收集分离器结构，更具体地，涉及一种利用热塑性含氟聚合物树脂粘合剂将导电颗粒粘结成固体 ，由碳或石墨纤维或纤维结构增强的电流收集分离器结构。
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公开(公告)号：US06003307A
公开(公告)日：1999-12-21
申请号：US19085
申请日：1998-02-06
CPC分类号： F02D41/0055 , F01N11/00 , F01N11/007 , F01N13/009 , F02D41/1444 , F01N2550/02 , F02D2041/1432 , F02D2041/288 , F02D41/1408 , Y02T10/47
摘要： An on-board catalytic monitoring system uses an intrusive technique to cause the vehicle's engine to cycle between first and second operating conditions. The first and second operating conditions are chosen such that different concentrations of emissions with different chemistries are present at the first and second operating conditions. A calorimetric sensor with a selective catalyst senses exothermic oxidation reactions produced by the emissions in the exhaust gas passing over the sensor. By matching the catalyst activity with the emission concentrations occurring at the operating conditions, the difference between the heat release sensor signals detected between the first and second operating conditions is indicative of the actual concentration of specific emissions in the exhaust gas stream. The difference or delta signal, obtained without reference to a zero point, provides an excellent correlation to the efficiency of the vehicle's catalytic converter for converting the sensed emission, i.e., hydrocarbons.
摘要翻译： 车载催化监测系统使用侵入式技术来使车辆的发动机在第一和第二操作条件之间循环。 选择第一和第二操作条件使得在第一和第二操作条件下存在不同浓度的不同化学物质的排放。 具有选择性催化剂的量热传感器感测由通过传感器的废气中的排放产生的放热氧化反应。 通过将催化剂活性与在操作条件下发生的排放浓度相匹配，在第一和第二操作条件之间检测到的放热传感器信号之间的差异表示废气流中特定排放物的实际浓度。 在不参考零点的情况下获得的差值或δ信号与车辆用于转换感测发射的催化转化器即碳氢化合物的效率有很好的相关性。
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7.发明授权Method of hydrodehalogenating halogenated organic compounds in aqueous environmental sources 失效水环境来源卤代有机化合物的加氢脱卤方法
公开(公告)号：US5196617A
公开(公告)日：1993-03-23
申请号：US820458
申请日：1992-01-14
申请人： Suphan Kovenklioglu , Edward N. Balko , Jeffrey B. Hoke , Robert J. Farrauto , Gary A. Gramiccioni
发明人： Suphan Kovenklioglu , Edward N. Balko , Jeffrey B. Hoke , Robert J. Farrauto , Gary A. Gramiccioni
IPC分类号： A62D3/00 , A62D3/34 , A62D3/37 , A62D101/04 , A62D101/22 , B01J23/44 , C02F1/58 , C02F1/70 , C02F1/72
CPC分类号： A62D3/37 , C02F1/70 , C02F1/725 , A62D2101/04 , A62D2101/22
摘要： A process for hydrodehalogenating halogenated organic compounds present in a contaminated aqueous environmental source in which the halogenated organic compounds are reacted with hydrogen gas or a source of hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst of palladium on carbon.
摘要翻译： 在卤化有机化合物与钯碳催化剂存在下，使卤化有机化合物与氢气或氢气源反应的氢化卤化有机化合物的加氢脱卤方法。
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8.发明授权Method for the recovery of mercury and other heavy metal ions from a liquid stream 失效从液体流中回收汞和其他重金属离子的方法
公开(公告)号：US4208258A
公开(公告)日：1980-06-17
申请号：US910560
申请日：1978-05-30
申请人： Edward N. Balko , Shyam D. Argade
发明人： Edward N. Balko , Shyam D. Argade
CPC分类号： C02F1/46114 , C01D3/14 , C02F1/4678 , C25B9/168
摘要： Small quantities of metal ions can be removed from an aqueous solution by subjecting the solution to an electric current in the presence of an anode and a fibrous metal cathode. The invention also provides an electrolytic apparatus having such electrodes. The process is particularly adaptable to the removal of mercury contamination from liquid brine streams.
摘要翻译： 通过在阳极和纤维状金属阴极的存在下使溶液经受电流，可以从水溶液中除去少量的金属离子。 本发明还提供一种具有这种电极的电解装置。 该过程特别适用于从液体卤水流中除去汞污染物。
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公开(公告)号：US4533455A
公开(公告)日：1985-08-06
申请号：US667053
申请日：1984-10-31
摘要： Shunt currents which flow between the electrodes of adjacent cells through the moving conductive fluid and the fluid pool in the manifold of a bipolar cell assembly are minimized by introducing the conductive fluid at the top of an elongated outlet manifold. This results in cascaded flow which interrupts the current path. Shunt currents between the fluid manifold walls of the conductive bipolar elements in the series connected electrochemical cell assemblies are minimized by insulating the manifold walls with insulating, elastomeric sealing grommets. This prevents current flow between the manifold walls through the electrically conductive fluid in the manifold and provides an edgeseal between bipolar plates.The instant invention relates to a process and apparatus for electrochemical cell assemblies and more particularly, for reducing shunt current in series connected bipolar assemblies.
摘要翻译： 通过在细长出口歧管的顶部引入导电流体，通过移动的导电流体和双极电池组件的歧管中的流体池在相邻电池的电极之间流动的分流电流被最小化。 这导致中断当前路径的级联流。 通过用绝缘弹性密封垫圈绝缘歧管壁，使串联连接的电化学电池组件中的导电双极元件的流体歧管壁之间的分流电流最小化。 这样可以防止歧管壁之间的流动通过歧管中的导电流体流动，并在双极板之间提供边缘。 本发明涉及用于电化学电池组件的方法和装置，更具体地说，涉及用于减少串联连接的双极组件中的分流电流。
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10.发明授权Apparatus for reduction of shunt current in bipolar electrochemical cell assemblies 失效用于减少双极电化学电池组件中的分流电流的装置
公开(公告)号：US4371433A
公开(公告)日：1983-02-01
申请号：US195920
申请日：1980-10-14
摘要： Shunt currents which flow between the electrodes of adjacent cells through the moving conductive fluid and the fluid pool in the manifold of a bipolar cell assembly are minimized by introducing the conductive fluid at the top of an elongated outlet manifold. This results in cascaded flow which interrupts the current path. Shunt currents between the fluid manifold walls of the conductive bipolar elements in the series connected electrochemical cell assemblies are minimized by insulating the manifold walls with insulating, elastomeric sealing grommets. This prevents current flow between the manifold walls through the electrically conductive fluid in the manifold and provides an edgeseal between bipolar plates.
摘要翻译： 通过在细长出口歧管的顶部引入导电流体，通过移动的导电流体和双极电池组件的歧管中的流体池在相邻电池的电极之间流动的分流电流被最小化。 这导致中断当前路径的级联流。 通过用绝缘弹性密封垫圈绝缘歧管壁，使串联连接的电化学电池组件中的导电双极元件的流体歧管壁之间的分流电流最小化。 这样可以防止歧管壁之间的流动通过歧管中的导电流体流动，并在双极板之间提供边缘。
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