摘要:
Provided is a photovoltaic device with an organic buffer layer for efficiency improvement. The photovoltaic device includes a first electrode and a second electrode disposed opposite to each other, a photoactive layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a buffer layer disposed between the photoactive layer and the second electrode. The buffer layer includes a compound including an aromatic organic cation and an anion in a quantity ranging from 30 wt % to 100 wt %, more preferably 50 wt % to 100 wt % with respect to the entire weight of the buffer layer.
摘要:
A solar cell, including: a semiconductor substrate of a first conductive type, the semiconductor substrate having a first surface and a second surface facing away from to each other; a first electrode electrically coupled to the first surface of the semiconductor substrate; an emitter portion of a second conductive type, the emitter portion being adjacent to the second surface of the semiconductor substrate; an anti-reflective layer on the emitter portion and including a transparent electrode; and a second electrode on the anti-reflective layer and electrically coupled to the emitter portion through the anti-reflective layer, wherein the anti-reflective layer has a refractive index that is not less than 1.5 in a spectrum ranging from about 400 nm to about 1000 nm, and wherein the anti-reflective layer has a sheet resistance that is not greater than that of the emitter portion.
摘要:
The present invention relates to a file detecting system and a method thereof. The file detecting system uses a signature of a file header and collects a network packet including a file to be detected among packets transmitted/received through a network. Subsequently, after the network protocol header is eliminated from the collected network packet, the file is reassembled and recovered. The recovered file is verified, and the verified file is transmitted to various file analysis systems.
摘要:
Disclosed is a fusion protein containing a FK506 binding protein and a cell-transducing domain. Also, disclosed is a method of making the fusion protein and use of the fusion protein in a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition. The cell-transducing domain is, for example, a PEP-1.
摘要:
An open distributed processing structured robot control software architecture is enclosed, which makes it possible to manufacture a user-oriented robot through combination of independent heterogeneous functional modules. The invention involves an open software framework for integrated operation and production of distributed software of the modules, and an autonomous robot control architecture suitable for distributed environments. The software framework indicates underlying software components for robot control and service creation. The invention makes it possible to mass-produce autonomous robots in units of interoperable functional modules. It is also possible to meet various demands of consumers, achieve specialization, and accelerate technology development since the development procedures are specialized in an independent manner and are suitable for manufacturing a wide variety of robot products in small quantities.
摘要:
A filter protection apparatus includes a frame of a closed curve defining an inner space isolated from surroundings, the frame having a shape of a filter securing part for securing an air filter, an attaching part for attaching the frame to a filter securing part, and a protection part, which is coupled on the inner surface of the frame to occupy the inner space with a plurality of minute holes through which air passes, for protecting the filter from damage. In operation, the protection part is able to prevent damage to the filter that may be caused by work instruments during maintenance work.
摘要:
Memory systems can include a memory device having an array of nonvolatile memory cells therein, which is electrically coupled to a plurality of bit lines and a plurality of word lines. The nonvolatile memory cells may include respective nonvolatile resistive devices electrically coupled in series with corresponding cell transistors. A controller is also provided, which may be coupled to the memory device. The controller can be configured to drive the memory device with signals that support dual programming of: (i) the nonvolatile resistive devices; and (ii) interface states within the cell transistors, during operations to write data into the memory device.
摘要:
Memory systems can include a memory device having an array of nonvolatile memory cells therein, which is electrically coupled to a plurality of bit lines and a plurality of word lines. The nonvolatile memory cells may include respective nonvolatile resistive devices electrically coupled in series with corresponding cell transistors. A controller is also provided, which may be coupled to the memory device. The controller can be configured to drive the memory device with signals that support dual programming of: (i) the nonvolatile resistive devices; and (ii) interface states within the cell transistors, during operations to write data into the memory device.