公开(公告)号：US07826878B2

公开(公告)日：2010-11-02

申请号：US11296831

申请日：2005-12-07

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Min Xu ,  Mohammed Alrubaiee ,  Swapan Kumar Gayen

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Min Xu ,  Mohammed Alrubaiee ,  Swapan Kumar Gayen

IPC: A61B5/00

CPC classification number: A61B5/0073 ,  A61B5/0066

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and a method for detecting the presence of one or more objects in a turbid medium, the method including: illuminating at least a portion of the turbid medium with incident light having at least one wavelength which interacts with the one or more objects contained in the turbid medium differently than the incident light interacts with the turbid medium; measuring light that emerges from the turbid medium; and detecting and locating the one or more objects using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) of the emergent light from the turbid medium. The present invention is useful for medical applications, such as for finding and locating, a tumor(s) in body organs, or excised tissues. Moreover, the present invention can be used to locate objects in obscuring medium, such as, mines in shallow coastal water, a plane in fog, military targets under fog, smoke or cloud cover.

Abstract translation: 公开了一种用于检测混浊介质中一个或多个物体的存在的系统和方法，所述方法包括：用具有至少一个波长的入射光照射混浊介质的至少一部分，该入射光与一个或多个物体相互作用 不同于入射光与混浊介质相互作用的混浊介质; 测量从混浊介质中出来的光; 以及使用来自混浊介质的出射光的独立分量分析（ICA）来检测和定位一个或多个物体。 本发明可用于医学应用，例如用于发现和定位体内器官或切除组织中的肿瘤。 此外，本发明可以用于定位在浅色海岸水中的矿井，雾中的矿井，雾中的军事目标，烟雾或云层等模糊介质中的物体。

公开(公告)号：US07440480B2

公开(公告)日：2008-10-21

申请号：US11295749

申请日：2005-12-07

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Vladimir Petricevic ,  Alexey Bykov

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Vladimir Petricevic ,  Alexey Bykov

IPC: H01S3/16

CPC classification number: C30B29/34 ,  C30B19/00 ,  C30B19/02 ,  C30B29/32 ,  H01S3/0405 ,  H01S3/042 ,  H01S3/0604 ,  H01S3/09415 ,  H01S3/1118 ,  H01S3/16 ,  H01S3/1623 ,  H01S3/1655 ,  H01S3/1675

Abstract: A method is described to improve and produce purer Cr4+-doped laser materials and lasers with reduced co-incorporation of chromium in any other valence states, such as Cr3+, Cr2+, Cr5+, and Cr6+. The method includes: 1) certain crystals of olivine structure with large cation (Ca) in octahedral sites such as Cr4+:Ca2GeO4, Cr4+:Ca2SiO4, Cr4+:Ca2GexSi1-xO4 (where 0

Abstract translation: 描述了一种方法来改善和产生更纯的掺杂4+的激光材料和具有减少的以任何其它价态的铬共掺入的激光器，例如Cr 3+ ，Cr 2+ +，Cr 5+和Cr 6+。 该方法包括：1）在八面体位点如Cr 4+中的一些具有大阳离子（Ca）的橄榄石结构的某些晶体：Ca 2+ GeO 4 ，Cr 4+：Ca 2 SiO 4，Cr 4+：Ca 2+， 其中0

公开(公告)号：US07312713B2

公开(公告)日：2007-12-25

申请号：US11303190

申请日：2005-12-15

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Wubao Wang ,  Henry Sztul ,  Yury Budansky

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Wubao Wang ,  Henry Sztul ,  Yury Budansky

IPC: G08B19/02

CPC classification number: B64D15/20 ,  G08B19/02

Abstract: A system for detecting ice formation on metal, painted metal and other material surfaces can include a transparent window having an exterior surface upon which ice can form; a light source and optics configured and arranged to illuminate the exterior surface of the window from behind the exterior surface; and a detector and optics configured and arranged to receive light backscattered by the exterior surface and any ice disposed on the exterior surface and determine the thickness of the ice layer. For example, the system can be used with aircraft by placing one or more windows in the wings of the aircraft. The system is used for a novel optical method for real-time on-board detection and warning of ice formation on surfaces of airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and other vehicles and stationary structures to improve their safety and operation.

Abstract translation: 用于检测金属，涂漆金属和其他材料表面上的冰的系统可以包括具有外部表面的透明窗口，冰面可以在其上形成; 光源和光学构造和布置成从外表面后面照亮窗户的外表面; 以及配置和布置成接收由外表面反向散射的光和设置在外表面上的任何冰的检测器和光学器件，并且确定冰层的厚度。 例如，该系统可以与飞机一起使用，将一个或多个窗口放置在飞行器的机翼中。 该系统用于飞机，无人机（UAV），其他车辆和固定式结构表面实时车载检测和警告冰面的新型光学方法，以提高其安全性和运行性。

公开(公告)号：US07192783B2

公开(公告)日：2007-03-20

申请号：US10684896

申请日：2003-10-14

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Yuanlong Yang

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Yuanlong Yang

IPC: G01N21/62 ,  G01N21/63 ,  G01N21/64 ,  G01N21/31 ,  A61B5/00

CPC classification number: G01N21/6486 ,  A61B5/0059 ,  A61B5/0091 ,  A61B5/14546 ,  G01N21/3581 ,  G01N21/65

Abstract: The Stokes shift emission spectra were measured for various samples, including tissues containing photoactive bio-molecules such as tryptophan, elastin, collagen, NADH and flavin. This new approach allows for the extraction of new information not easily obtained from the excitation and or fluorescence spectra of the same samples. For example, Stokes shift spectroscopy of tissue samples can detect disease states in humans and animals.

Abstract translation: 测量各种样品的斯托克斯位移发射光谱，包括含有光活性生物分子如色氨酸，弹性蛋白，胶原，NADH和黄素的组织。 这种新方法允许提取不容易从相同样品的激发和/或荧光光谱获得的新信息。 例如，组织样本的斯托克斯变换光谱可以检测人类和动物的疾病状态。

公开(公告)号：US07119359B2

公开(公告)日：2006-10-10

申请号：US10728562

申请日：2003-12-05

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Shengkun Zhang ,  Wubao Wang

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Shengkun Zhang ,  Wubao Wang

IPC: H01L33/00 ,  H01L29/205 ,  H01L31/0304

CPC classification number: B82Y20/00 ,  B82Y10/00 ,  H01L31/035236 ,  H01L31/1035 ,  H01L33/0012 ,  H01L33/06

Abstract: The design and operation of a p-i-n device, operating in a sequential resonant tunneling condition for use as a photodetector and an optically pumped emitter, is disclosed. The device contains III-nitride multiple-quantum-well (MQW) layers grown between a III-nitride p-n junction. Transparent ohmic contacts are made on both p and n sides. The device operates under a certain electrical bias that makes the energy level of the first excitation state in each well layer correspond with the energy level of the ground state in the adjoining well layer. The device works as a high-efficiency and high-speed photodetector with photo-generated carriers transported through the active MQW region by sequential resonant tunneling. In a sequential resonant tunneling condition, the device also works as an optically pumped infrared emitter that emits infrared photons with energy equal to the energy difference between the first excitation state and the ground state in the MQWs.

公开(公告)号：US06615068B1

公开(公告)日：2003-09-02

申请号：US09598007

申请日：2000-06-19

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Yuanlong Yang

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Yuanlong Yang

IPC: A61B500

CPC classification number: A61B5/444 ,  A61B5/0059 ,  A61B5/0075 ,  A61B5/0091 ,  G01N21/314

Abstract: Method and apparatus for examining biological materials using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and the Kubelka-Munk function. In one aspect, the method is used to determine whether a tissue sample is cancerous or not and comprises the steps of (a) measuring the diffuse reflectance from the tissue sample at a first wavelength and at a second wavelength, wherein the first wavelength is a wavelength selected from the group consisting of 255-265 nm and wherein the second wavelength is a wavelength selected from the group consisting of 275-285 nm; (b) using the Kubelka-Munk function to transform the diffuse reflectance measurement obtained at the first and second wavelengths; and (c) comparing a ratio or a difference of the transformed Kubelka-Munk measurements at the first and second wavelengths to appropriate standards determine whether or not the tissue sample is cancerous. One can use the spectral profile of KMF between 250 nm to 300 nm to determine whether or not the tissue sample is cancerous or precancerous. According to the value at the first and second wavelengths determine whether or not the malignant tissue is invasive or mixed invasive and in situ or carcinoma in situ.

Abstract translation: 使用漫反射光谱和Kubelka-Munk功能检测生物材料的方法和装置。 在一个方面，该方法用于确定组织样品是否是癌变的，并且包括以下步骤：（a）测量来自第一波长和第二波长的组织样品的漫反射率，其中第一波长为 选自255-265nm的波长，其中第二波长是选自275-285nm的波长; （b）使用Kubelka-Munk函数来变换在第一和第二波长处获得的漫反射测量值; 和（c）将在第一和第二波长处的变换的Kubelka-Munk测量值的比率或差异与适当的标准进行比较，确定组织样品是否是癌变的。 可以使用KMF的光谱轮廓在250nm至300nm之间来确定组织样品是否是癌性的或癌前的。 根据第一和第二波长的值确定恶性组织是侵入性还是侵入性原位或原位癌。

公开(公告)号：US06560478B1

公开(公告)日：2003-05-06

申请号：US09717327

申请日：2000-11-20

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Wubao Wang

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Wubao Wang

IPC: A61B600

CPC classification number: G01J3/44 ,  A61B5/0075 ,  A61B5/0084 ,  A61B5/0086 ,  A61B5/4312 ,  G01N21/65

Abstract: A method and system for examining biological materials using low-power cw excitation Raman spectroscopy. A low-power continuous wave (cw) pump laser beam and a low-power cw Stokes (or anti-Stokes) probe laser beam simultaneously illuminate a biological material and traverse the biological material in collinearity. The pump beam, whose frequency is varied, is used to induce Raman emission from the biological material. The intensity of the probe beam, whose frequency is kept constant, is monitored as it leaves the biological material. When the difference between the pump and probe excitation frequencies is equal to a Raman vibrational mode frequency of the biological material, the weak probe signal becomes amplified by one or more orders of magnitude (typically up to about 104-106) due to the Raman emission from the pump beam. In this manner, by monitoring the intensity of the probe beam emitted from the biological material as the pump beam is varied in frequency, one can obtain an excitation Raman spectrum for the biological material tested. The present invention may be applied to in the in vivo and/or in vitro diagnosis of diabetes, heart disease, hepatitis, cancers and other diseases by measuring the characteristic excitation Raman lines of blood glucose, cholesterol, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT)/serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), tissues and other corresponding Raman-active body constituents, respectively.

Abstract translation: 一种使用低功率cw激发拉曼光谱法检测生物材料的方法和系统。 低功率连续波（cw）泵激光束和低功率斯托克斯（或反斯托克斯）探针激光束同时照射生物材料并以共线性横穿生物材料。 其频率变化的泵浦光束用于从生物材料诱导拉曼发射。 在离开生物材料时监测其频率保持不变的探针的强度。 当泵和探针激发频率之间的差异等于生物材料的拉曼振动模式频率时，由于拉曼发射，弱探针信号将被放大一个或多个数量级（通常高达约104-106） 从泵浦梁。 以这种方式，当泵浦光束频率变化时，通过监测从生物材料发射的探测光束的强度，可以获得所测生物材料的激发拉曼光谱。 本发明可以通过测定血糖，胆固醇，血清谷氨酸乙酰转氨酶（SGOT）的特征激发拉曼线，体内和/或体外诊断糖尿病，心脏病，肝炎，癌症等疾病， 血清谷丙转氨酶（SGPT），组织等相应的拉曼活性体成分。

公开(公告)号：US06208886B1

公开(公告)日：2001-03-27

申请号：US09054743

申请日：1998-04-03

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Yici Guo ,  Feng Liu ,  Ping Pei Ho

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Yici Guo ,  Feng Liu ,  Ping Pei Ho

IPC: A61B500

CPC classification number: A61B5/0073 ,  A61B5/4519

Abstract: An apparatus utilizing non-linear optical signals for use in constructing a three-dimensional tomographic map of an in vivo biological tissue for medical disease detection purposes. In one embodiment, said apparatus comprises a stage for supporting the in vivo biological tissue; a laser for illuminating the in vivo biological tissue with a focused beam of laser light, the light emerging from the in vivo biological tissue comprising fundamental light, harmonic wave light, and fluorescence due to multi-photon excitation; a filter for selectively passing only at least one of the harmonic wave light and the fluorescence; one or more detectors for individually detecting each of the harmonic wave light and the fluorescence selectively passed; and a mechanism for moving the laser relative to the stage in x, y and z directions.

Abstract translation: 一种利用非线性光信号用于构建用于医学疾病检测目的的体内生物组织的三维断层图的装置。 在一个实施方案中，所述装置包括用于支撑体内生物组织的载物台; 用聚焦光束照射体内生物组织的激光，从体内生物组织出射的光包括基本光，谐波光和由于多光子激发引起的荧光; 用于选择性地仅通过谐波光和荧光中的至少一个的滤光器; 一个或多个检测器，用于单独检测每个谐波光和选择性地通过的荧光; 以及用于在x，y和z方向上相对于舞台移动激光的机构。

公开(公告)号：US6151522A

公开(公告)日：2000-11-21

申请号：US270383

申请日：1999-03-16

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Wubao Wang

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Wubao Wang

IPC: A61B5/00 ,  G01J3/44 ,  G01N21/65 ,  A61B6/00

CPC classification number: A61B5/0075 ,  A61B5/0084 ,  A61B5/4312 ,  G01J3/44 ,  G01N21/65 ,  A61B5/0086

Abstract: A method and system for examining biological materials using low-power cw excitation Raman spectroscopy. In accordance with the teachings of the invention, a low-power continuous wave (cw) pump laser beam and a low-power cw Stokes (or anti-Stokes) probe laser beam simultaneously illuminate a biological material and traverse the biological material in collinearity. The pump beam, whose frequency is varied, is used to induce Raman emission from the biological material. The intensity of the probe beam, whose frequency is kept constant, is monitored as it leaves the biological material. When the difference between the pump and probe excitation frequencies is equal to a Raman vibrational mode frequency of the biological material, the weak probe signal becomes amplified by one or more orders of magnitude (typically up to about 10.sup.4 -10.sup.6) due to the Raman emission from the pump beam. In this manner, by monitoring the intensity of the probe beam emitted from the biological material as the pump beam is varied in frequency, one can obtain an excitation Raman spectrum for the biological material tested. The present invention may be applied to in the in vivo and/or in vitro diagnosis of diabetes, heart disease, hepatitis, cancers and other diseases by measuring the characteristic excitation Raman lines of blood glucose, cholesterol, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT)/serum glutamic pyruvic tansaminase (SGPT), tissues and other corresponding Raman-active body constituents, respectively. For example, it may also be used to diagnose diseases associated with the concentration of Raman-active constituents in urine, lymph and saliva It may be used to identify cancer in the breast, cervix, uterus, ovaries and the like by measuring the fingerprint excitation Raman spectra of these tissues. It may also be used to reveal the growing of tumors or cancers by measuring the levels of nitric oxide in tissue.

公开(公告)号：US5931789A

公开(公告)日：1999-08-03

申请号：US797028

申请日：1997-02-07

Applicant: Robert R. Alfano ,  Wei Cai ,  Feng Liu ,  Melvin Lax ,  Bidyut B. Das

Inventor： Robert R. Alfano ,  Wei Cai ,  Feng Liu ,  Melvin Lax ,  Bidyut B. Das

IPC: A61B5/00 ,  G01N21/47

CPC classification number: A61B5/7257 ,  A61B5/0073 ,  G01N21/4795 ,  A61B5/0091

Abstract: A method for imaging objects in highly scattering turbid media. According to one embodiment of the invention, the method involves using a plurality of intersecting source/detectors sets and time-resolving equipment to generate a plurality of time-resolved intensity curves for the diffusive component of light emergent from the medium. For each of the curves, the intensities at a plurality of times are then inputted into the following inverse reconstruction algorithm to form an image of the medium: ##EQU1## wherein W is a matrix relating output at source and detector positions r.sub.s and r.sub.d, at time t, to position r, .LAMBDA. is a regularization matrix, chosen for convenience to be diagonal, but selected in a way related to the ratio of the noise, to fluctuations in the absorption (or diffusion) X.sub.j that we are trying to determine:.LAMBDA..sub.ij =.lambda..sub.j .delta..sub.ij with .lambda..sub.j = / Y is the data collected at the detectors, and X.sup.k is the kth iterate toward the desired absoption information. An algorithm, which combines a two dimensional (2D) matrix inversion with a one-dimensional (1D) Fourier transform inversion is used to obtain images of three dimensional hidden objects in turbid scattering media.

Abstract translation: 一种用于在高散射混浊介质中成像物体的方法。 根据本发明的一个实施例，该方法包括使用多个相交的源/检测器组和时间分辨设备来产生用于从介质出射的光的漫射分量的多个时间分辨强度曲线。 对于每个曲线，多个时间的强度然后被输入到以下逆重建算法中以形成介质的图像：其中W是在时间t处将源的输出和检测器位置rs和rd相关联的矩阵， 为了定位r，LAMBDA是一个正则化矩阵，为方便起见选择为对角线，但以与噪声的比值与我们试图确定的吸收（或扩散）Xj的波动相关的方式进行选择： LAMBDA ij = lambda j delta ij，其中λj = / Y是在检测器处收集的数据，Xk是朝向期望的吸收信息的第k次迭代。 将二维（2D）矩阵求逆与一维（1D）傅里叶变换反演相结合的算法用于获取浑浊散射介质中三维隐藏物体的图像。