摘要:
A memory cell array includes a plurality of memory cells each of which has a control gate and a floating gate. A programming circuit operates in a first programming mode followed by a second programming mode. In the first programming mode, the programming circuit applies a first program pulse to first memory cells while progressively increasing a programming capability of the first program pulse until threshold voltages of the first memory cells become higher than or equal to a first reference voltage. In the second programming mode, the programming circuit applies a second program pulse to second memory cells included in the first memory cells and having threshold voltages lower than a second reference voltage that is higher than the first reference voltage until the threshold voltages of the second memory cells become higher than or equal to the second reference voltage.
摘要:
An optical pickup device is provided which includes a double-wavelength objective lens (34) that collects a light beam selectively emitted from a light-emitting/-detecting element (31) that selectively emits a plurality of light beams different in wavelength from each other, and also return light from an optical disk (2), a first diffraction grating (45) that splits the light beam emitted from a light-emitting/-detecting element (31) into three beams including a zero-order light beam and positive and negative first-order light beams, a second diffraction grating (46) that diffracts the return light for traveling along a light path separate from that of the outgoing light, and a third diffraction grating (47) that corrects a light-path deviation by diffracting the positive first-order light beam diffracted by the second diffraction grating (46). The light-emitting/-detecting element (31) provides a focusing error signal FE by detecting the negative first-order light beam diffracted by the third diffraction element (47), and a tracking error signal by detecting return portions of the positive and negative first-order light beams from the first diffraction grating (45).
摘要:
A radiation detector of this invention has an electrically insulating buffer seat disposed on a front surface of a radiation sensitive semiconductor, in a position outside a radiation detection effective area. A common electrode for bias voltage application is formed to cover the buffer seat. A lead wire for bias voltage supply is connected to a lead wire connection area, located on the buffer seat, of the surface of the common electrode. The buffer seat reduces a shock occurring when the lead wire is connected to the common electrode. As a result, the semiconductor and an intermediate layer are protected from damage which would lead to a lowering of performance. The buffer seat is disposed outside the radiation detection effective area. Thus, the buffer seat is provided without impairing the radiation detecting function.
摘要:
A catalyst-adsorbent for purification of exhaust gases, including a monolithic carrier and a catalyst-adsorbent layer formed thereon, the catalyst-adsorbent layer including a catalyst for reduction of the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides emitted from internal combustion engines and an adsorbent for reduction of the hydrocarbons emitted during cold start of the engines. The catalyst is composed mainly of catalyst particles each including a heat-resistant inorganic oxide and at least one noble metal selected from Pt, Pd and Rh, loaded thereon, the catalyst containing at least catalyst particles each comprising a heat-resistant inorganic oxide and 2-30% by weight, based on the oxide, of Pd loaded thereon, the adsorbent comprising adsorbent particles composed mainly of zeolite.
摘要:
There are provided a spindle motor 12, an optical head 20, a high-pass filter 31, low-pass filters 32 and 33, an adder 38, and a PLL 39. The spindle motor 12 rotatively drives an optical disk 11. The optical head 20 irradiates a laser beam onto a target track and both tracks adjacent to the target track on the optical disk 11 and detects a return light from each track. The high-pass filter 31 filters a high-frequency component in a signal used for detecting a return light from a target track in the optical head 20. Each of the low-pass filters 32 and 33 filters a low-frequency component in a signal used for detecting a return light from each of the adjacent tracks. The adder 38 operates output signals from the high-pass filter 31, and the low-pass filters 32 and 33. Based on a signal from the adder 38, the PLL 39 generates a reference signal used as a time reference for generating recording signals. An operation by the adder 38 nullifies a cross modulation component.
摘要:
The invention provides an electronic control unit for controlling an air/fuel ratio of an engine having a lean NOx catalyst in its exhaust system in order to prevent the decrease of the fuel efficiency without deterioration of the drivability due to a rich operation for reducing the NOx catalyst. The electronic control unit includes: an air/fuel ratio control system for changing the air/fuel ratio to a rich side when the amount of NOx occluded by the lean NOx catalyst exceeds a predetermined value and changing said air/fuel ratio back to a lean side when a first predetermined period has elapsed; a lagging system for lagging ignition timing in synchronization with the air/fuel ratio changing to the rich side by said air/fuel ratio control system; and decrementing system for decreasing the amount of the ignition timing lagged by the lagging system by a predetermined amount when a second predetermined period shorter than said first predetermined period has elapsed after the air/fuel ratio changing to the rich side. According to the invention, it is possible to prevent the decrease of the fuel efficiency without the deterioration of the drivability due to the rich operation to reduce the NOx catalyst because the ignition timing is lagged in synchronization with the air/fuel ratio changing to the rich side and the lagged amount is decremented after a predetermined period has elapsed. In one embodiment, the decrementing system gradually decrements said lagging amount up to a hold value.
摘要:
The object of the present invention is to provide an optical fiber fusion splice method in which two optical fibers having different mode field diameters are fusion spliced with a low splice loss without complicated words and special equipment other than a fusion splice device, and an optical fiber fusion splicer which is suitably used for the optical fiber fusion method; in order to achieve the object, the present invention provides an optical fiber fusion splice method for splicing two optical fibers having different mode field diameters comprising the steps of: arranging a first optical fiber having a small mode field diameter and a second optical fiber having a large mode field diameter so that the cut surfaces thereof face each other, heating by an electric discharge and fusion splicing the cut surfaces, shifting the heating position by an electric discharge in the first optical fiber by shifting integrally the first and second optical fibers in the longitudinal direction of the optical fibers, and additional heating the first optical fiber by an electric discharge.
摘要:
An aggregate of semiconductor devices, including semiconductor packages packaging the semiconductor devices, the packages being on a tape which is wound on a reel, is provided. The aggregate of semiconductor devices includes the semiconductor packages arranged consecutively on a first tape; and the aggregate also includes a second tape, which is a spacer tape, having spacers (protrusions), provided between adjacent windings of the first tape on the reel, providing spaces for the semiconductor packages. The semiconductor packages can be provided with bumps, e.g., on the side of the first tape opposite the side of the first tape having the semiconductor packages thereon, and the first tape can be a flexible printed circuit board.
摘要:
A catalyst for exhaust gas purification has at least one monolith carrier, at least one first catalyst layer having a three-way catalytic activity, provided on the carrier, and a second catalyst layer having a hydrocarbon purification activity, provided on the first catalyst layer. In a gasoline engine automobile provided with the above catalyst for exhaust gas purification in the exhaust gas system, the hydrocarbons present in the exhaust gas can be converted at a high efficiency by introducing secondary air into the exhaust gas in front of the catalyst to make the exhaust gas lean, at the engine start when a large amount of unburnt hydrocarbons are present in the exhaust gas. Further, the engine warm-up property of the automobile can be improved by the heat generated by the catalytic reaction of the hydrocarbons. The catalyst further exhibits a three-way catalytic activity even during the steady state engine operation after warm-up.