摘要:
A multilayered piezoelectric element and a method of producing the multilayered piezoelectric element are disclosed. The multilayered piezoelectric element is made of piezoelectric ceramic layers and electrode formation layers which are alternately laminated. The piezoelectric ceramic layers are made of crystal oriented ceramic as polycrystalline material. The crystal oriented ceramic is made mainly of an isotropic perovskite type compound in which the specific {100} crystal plane of each of crystal grains that form the polycrystalline material is oriented. The electrode formation layers have electrode parts forming inner electrodes containing a conductive metal. The isotropic perovskite type compound is expressed by a general formula (1): [Agh{Lix(K1-yNay)1-x}1-h]j(Nb1-z-wTazSbw)O3-k . . . (1), where 0≦x≦0.2, 0≦y≦1, 0≦z≦0.4, 0≦w≦0.2, x+z+w>0, 0
摘要翻译:公开了一种多层压电元件和制造多层压电元件的方法。 多层压电元件由交替层压的压电陶瓷层和电极形成层制成。 压电陶瓷层由晶体取向的陶瓷作为多晶材料制成。 结晶取向陶瓷主要由各向同性钙钛矿型化合物制成,其中形成多晶材料的每个晶粒的特定{100}晶面取向。 电极形成层具有形成含有导电金属的内部电极的电极部。 各向同性钙钛矿型化合物由通式(1)表示:[Agh {Lix(K1-yNay)1-x} 1-h] j(Nb1-z-wTazSbw)O3-k。 。 。 (1),其中0 <= x <= 0.2,0 <= y <= 1,0 <= z <= 0.4,0 <= w <= 0.2,x + z + w> 0,0
摘要:
A composite construction 1 is obtained by coating the outer periphery of a core material 2 with a shell layer 3. The core material 2 is composed of a first sintered body that is obtained by bonding, with a binder metal, a first hard particle composed of one or more of carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides of metals of Groups 4a, 5a and 6a of the Periodic Table, or a first ceramics obtained by bonding, with a sintering additive, a first ceramic particle composed of at least one of oxides, carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides selected from the group consisting of metals of Groups 4a, 5a and 6a of the Periodic Table, Al, Si and Zn. The shell layer 3 is composed of a second hard sintered body or second ceramics having a different composition from the first hard sintered body. The ratio of the residual free carbon amount Cin in the core material 2 to the residual free carbon amount Cout in the shell layer 3, Cin/Cout, is 0.5 to 2. This prevents shrinkage during the time of sintering and also prevents the strength of the composite construction from lowering due to poor sintering.
摘要:
A composite construction 1 is obtained by coating the outer periphery of a core material 2 with a shell layer 3. The core material 2 is composed of a first sintered body that is obtained by bonding, with a binder metal, a first hard particle composed of one or more of carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides of metals of Groups 4a, 5a and 6a of the Periodic Table, or a first ceramics obtained by bonding, with a sintering additive, a first ceramic particle composed of at least one of oxides, carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides selected from the group consisting of metals of Groups 4a, 5a and 6a of the Periodic Table, Al, Si and Zn. The shell layer 3 is composed of a second hard sintered body or second ceramics having a different composition from the first hard sintered body. The ratio of the residual free carbon amount Cin in the core material 2 to the residual free carbon amount Cout in the shell layer 3, Cin/Cout, is 0.5 to 2. This prevents shrinkage during the time of sintering and also prevents the strength of the composite construction from lowering due to poor sintering.
摘要:
A torsional vibration damper assembly having stable torsional vibration damping characteristics is provided. The damper assembly comprises an input element, an output element, a damper hub operatively connected to the output element and having a plurality of circumferentially spaced, radial hub arms, a drive plate operatively connected to the input element and having a plurality of circumferentially spaced windows, a plurality of compression springs extending between circumferentially opposed edges of the windows and the hub arms, and a ring member rotatable relative to the input and output elements and surrounding the compression springs for restricting radially outward bending of the compression springs. Since the ring member is not urged against its surrounding constituent parts of the damper assembly when it is subjected to a centrifugal force of itself and a centrifugal force of the compression springs, the damper assembly can provide stable torsional vibration damping characteristics.
摘要:
A reduction in the accuracy of a failure determination of a filter due to a reduction in the detection accuracy of a PM sensor is suppressed. In order to achieve this, provision is made for a filter that is arranged in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine for trapping particulate matter contained in an exhaust gas, an NOx selective reduction catalyst that is arranged at the downstream side of the filter and reduces NOx by means of a reducing agent which is supplied thereto, a supply device that supplies the reducing agent to the NOx selective reduction catalyst from the upstream side of the NOx selective reduction catalyst, a PM sensor that detects an amount of the particulate matter in the exhaust gas at the downstream side of the NOx selective reduction catalyst, and a prohibition part that prohibits the use of a detected value of the PM sensor in cases where the reducing agent supplied from said supply device passes through the NOx selective reduction catalyst.
摘要:
The present invention is intended to detect a failure of a PM filter with a higher degree of accuracy. The present invention is provided with: a PM trapping efficiency calculation part to calculate a PM trapping efficiency (which is a proportion of an amount of particulate matter trapped with respect to an amount of inflow particulate matter) based on an amount of inflow particulate matter obtained by an inflow particulate matter obtaining part, and an amount of outflow particulate matter detected by a PM sensor; and a failure detection part to make a determination that a failure has occurred in the PM filter, in cases where there has appeared a tendency for the PM trapping efficiency to decrease during a period of time until the execution of the following filter regeneration processing is started after the completion of execution of the filter regeneration processing.
摘要:
A reduction in the accuracy of a failure determination of a filter due to a reduction in the detection accuracy of a PM sensor is suppressed. In order to achieve this, provision is made for a filter that is arranged in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine for trapping particulate matter contained in an exhaust gas, an NOx selective reduction catalyst that is arranged at the downstream side of the filter and reduces NOx by means of a reducing agent which is supplied thereto, a supply device that supplies the reducing agent to the NOx selective reduction catalyst from the upstream side of the NOx selective reduction catalyst, a PM sensor that detects an amount of the particulate matter in the exhaust gas at the downstream side of the NOx selective reduction catalyst, and a prohibition part that prohibits the use of a detected value of the PM sensor in cases where the reducing agent supplied from said supply device passes through the NOx selective reduction catalyst.
摘要:
An object of the invention is to prevent a situation in which failure diagnosis for an exhaust system component in an internal combustion engine cannot be completed from continuing for an unduly long period of time. A warm-up system for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine according to the invention includes a warm-up control performing unit that performs warm-up control for warming up an exhaust system component upon start-up of the internal combustion engine and a failure diagnosis performing unit that performs failure diagnosis for the exhaust system component after the completion of warm-up of the exhaust system component. If a situation in which the operation of the internal combustion engine is stopped after the start of operation of the internal combustion engine before the completion of the failure diagnosis for the exhaust system component performed by the failure diagnosis performing unit has been repeated for a predetermined period of time, the warm-up control performing unit changes the warm-up control performed upon start-up of the internal combustion engine after the predetermined period of time has elapsed to a control that can raise the temperature of the exhaust system component more quickly than the warm-up control performed during the aforementioned predetermined period.
摘要:
A failure of a filter is detected with a higher degree of accuracy. There are provided a filter that is arranged on an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine for collecting a substance contained in an exhaust gas, a substance amount detection part that is arranged on the exhaust passage at a downstream side of the filter for detecting an amount of substance in the exhaust gas, a flow speed detection part that detects or estimates a flow speed of the exhaust gas which passes through the filter, and a determination part that makes a determination that the filter is in a failure, when the higher the flow speed of the exhaust gas passing through the filter, the larger a ratio of an amount of change in the amount of substance to an amount of change in the flow speed of the exhaust gas becomes.
摘要:
An object of the present invention is to provide a technology that enables detection of a fault of a PM trapper with improved accuracy. In the present invention, a pressure sensor 20 that measures a differential pressure across a PM trapper 11 is provided, and a fault of a PM trapper is determined based on an amount of change in the differential pressure across the PM trapper 11 between two different operation states of an internal combustion engine 1 in which the ambient temperature around the pressure sensor 20 falls within a specific temperature range. Since variations in the offset error of the differential pressure sensor 20 caused by changes in the ambient temperature around the differential pressure sensor 20 is made small, the amount of change in the differential pressure across the PM trapper 11 can be measured more accurately, and a fault of the PM trapper 11 can be detected with improved accuracy.