摘要:
In charge rate estimating apparatus and method for a secondary cell, a current flowing through the secondary cell is measured, a voltage across terminals of the secondary cell is measured, an adaptive digital filtering is carried out using a cell model in a continuous time series shown in an equation (1), all of parameters at one time are estimated, the parameters corresponding to an open-circuit voltage which is an offset term of the equation (1) and coefficients of A(s), B(s), and C(s) which are transient terms, and, the charge rate is estimated from a relationship between a previously derived open-circuit voltage V0 and the charge rate SOC using the open-circuit voltage V0, V = B ( s ) A ( s ) · I + 1 C ( s ) · V 0 , ( 1 ) wherein s denotes a Laplace transform operator, A(s), B(s), and C(s) denote poly-nominal functions of s.
摘要:
A body member and flange members are butted together at a first abutment portion and a second abutment portion. The first and second abutment portions are held by first and second backing jigs, respectively. The first backing jig has a circumscribing recessed section corresponding to an inner circumferential surface of the first abutment portion. Further, the first backing jig has a circumscribing opening communicated with the bottom of the recessed section. On the other hand, the second backing jig has a circumscribing recessed section corresponding to an inner circumferential surface of the second abutment portion. Further, the second backing jig has a circumscribing opening communicated with the bottom of the recessed section. First and second buffer members are attached to the recessed sections, respectively.
摘要:
A porous ion exchanger includes an open cell structure including interconnected macropores and mesopores whose average diameter is in a range of 1 to 1000 μm existing on walls of the macropores. Moreover, a total pore volume is in a range of 1 to 50 ml/g, ion exchange groups are uniformly distributed, and an ion exchange capacity is not less than 0.5 mg equivalent/g of dry porous ion exchanger. The porous ion exchanger can be used as an ion exchanger filled into a deionization module of an electrodeionization water purification device, solid acid catalyst, adsorbent, and filler for chromatography.
摘要:
A valve body of an intake controlling valve, which is selectively opened and closed to communicate and interrupt communications between chambers which are divided by a partition wall in a resin surge tank, may be used for internal combustion engines. A variable intake device for an internal combustion engine is manufactured such that the valve unit is integrally assembled to a resin surge tank body by installing the valve unit into an opening of an outer wall of the resin surge tank and an opening of the partition wall formed at the partition wall and fixing the valve unit. Between the frame and the opening of the partition wall, and the valve unit and the opening of the outer wall are integrally fixed at their contact portions through adhesion with an adhesive or by welding.
摘要:
A cylinder head gasket includes a pair of first and second gasket substrates. The gasket substrates are each formed with a first and a second projection which project in opposite directions, with a clearance therebetween. According to a first aspect of the invention, each projection undergoes a plastic deformation toward the clearance defined between them when the gasket substrates are held sandwiched between a cylinder head and a cylinder block, each projection undergoing a magnitude of plastic deformation which is greater or lesser in accordance with the magnitude of a surface pressure therebetween. According to a second aspect of the invention, each projection is formed with a radially central part which projects toward the radially central part of the other projection and which is in close contact with each other continuously in the circumferential direction.
摘要:
A vehicle speed control system comprises a section for calculating a command driving force-required to make a sensed vehicle speed equal to a preset command vehicle speed, a section for calculating a command engine output in accordance with the command driving force and the command vehicle speed, a section for calculating a command engine speed corresponding to the command engine output from a predetermined engine torque-versus-speed characteristic relationship in an engine constraint state of minimum throttle setting and fuel cutoff inhibition when the command driving. force is negative, and a section for calculating a command transmission ratio in accordance with the command engine speed. When the driving force command is negative, the control system put the engine in the constraint state and controls a continuously variable transmission in response to the command transmission ratio so as to prevent undesired vehicle speed hunting.
摘要:
An apparatus for controlling the positioning of a throttle valve situated to control the amount of air permitted to enter an internal combustion engine operable in a plurality of control modes. The apparatus includes a driver responsive to a drive signal indicating a target throttle valve position for moving the throttle valve to the target throttle valve position, a sensor sensitive to the movement of the throttle valve for producing a digital sensor signal indicative of a sensed throttle valve position, and a control unit for producing the drive signal to bring the sensed throttle valve position into coincidence with the target throttle valve position. The disturbances introduced onto the driver and the sensor are estimated based on the target and sensed throttle valve positions. The target throttle valve position is corrected based on the estimated disturbances.
摘要:
A variable valve timing mechanism (VVT) for adjusting the valve timing of an intake valve of an internal combustion engine. The mechanism is hydraulically driven by oil pressure. An oil control valve (OCV) is provided on a cylinder head of the engine for controlling oil flow from a pump. A drainage pan in the cylinder head receives oil drained from various mechanical components of the engine. A drain passage drains oil from the control valve to a drain well. The oil in the drainage pan is also led to the drainage well. A wall, or dam, is formed between the drainage pan and the drainage well for restricting the oil flow from the drainage pan to the drainage well. This prevents the drainage well from being flooded when the flow rate of oil into the drainage pan increases dramatically, which improves the performance of the VVT mechanism.
摘要:
The composition of a hard-facing welding material to be overlaid onto a cast iron base metal followed by a supercooling treatment for hardening must lie above a line LA in a Schaeffler's structure diagram which is represented by a Cr equivalent and a Ni equivalent. On the other hand, if the base metal is preheated, the carbon precipitation line will be at the Ni equivalent of 34 (LC1), and the Cr equivalent will thus be above 4. However, if the Cr equivalent is above 4, there will occur cracks after welding (examples in which cracks occurred are shown by square marks represented by a in FIG. 1). As a solution, the carbon precipitation line was raised up to the Ni equivalent of 38 without preheating the base metal, and the Cr equivalent of the welding material was made to be 4 or less.
摘要:
A battery pack to be externally attached to a system body of a portable computer contains a plurality of batteries in two rows. A groove is formed on that portion of the top of the battery pack which correspond to the region between the rows of batteries. A hinge unit for swingably supporting a display unit is provided on the rear end of the system body of the computer in a manner such that it is partially housed in the groove of the battery pack. With this arrangement, the computer is reduced in thickness. The battery pack, which is connected to the rear end of the system body, is rotatable relatively to the system body. During use of the computer, therefore, a keyboard can be slightly declined toward a user by rotating the battery pack to raise the rear end of the system body.