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公开(公告)号：US4439302A
公开(公告)日：1984-03-27
申请号：US324496
申请日：1981-11-24
CPC分类号： H01M4/9008 , C25B1/003 , Y10T428/1055
摘要： A variety of redox mediating agents employing bipyridinium reagents and such reagents in conjunction with dispersed noble metals, such as platinium, are disclosed as coatings for substrates and electrodes. The agents may be charged by an applied voltage or by photoelectric effects or may be equilibrated with hydrogen. The agents are useful in reducing biological materials and electrolytic hydrogen production.
摘要翻译： 公开了使用联吡啶试剂和这种试剂与分散的贵金属如铂的多种氧化还原介体作为基底和电极的涂层。 试剂可以通过施加的电压或通过光电效应进行充电，或者可以用氢平衡。 这些试剂可用于减少生物材料和电解氢生产。
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公开(公告)号：US4473695A
公开(公告)日：1984-09-25
申请号：US319177
申请日：1982-01-15
IPC分类号： C07F5/02 , C07F7/12 , C07F7/18 , G02F1/15 , C07D213/22
CPC分类号： G02F1/15 , C07F5/025 , C07F7/127 , C07F7/1836 , G02F1/1521
摘要： A novel class of dialkyl and dialkyl-aromatic viologens (4,4'dipyridinium compounds) and their salts which may be polymerized and covalently bonded to electrodes for use in electronic display systems.
摘要翻译： PCT No.PCT / US81 / 00949 Sec。 371日期1982年1月15日 102（e）日期1982年1月15日PCT申请1981年7月14日。一类新的二烷基和二烷基芳族紫精（4,4'-二吡啶鎓化合物）及其盐，其可以聚合并共价键合到电极用于 在电子显示系统中。
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公开(公告)号：US4576756A
公开(公告)日：1986-03-18
申请号：US668621
申请日：1984-11-05
CPC分类号： C25B1/30
摘要： Methods, materials and apparatus for production of hydrogen peroxide are disclosed. In one preferred embodiment, high surface area circulating elements derivatized with a quinone catalyst are reduced in an electrolytic cell where the cathode may also be derivatized with a quinone catalyst and a solution quinone at low concentration is used as a mediator. Once reduced, the circulating elements are separated and used to form hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen in an aqueous, electrolyte-free, environment. The circulating elements can be cycled repeatedly. Particular, novel naphthoquinone compounds are also disclosed.
摘要翻译： 公开了用于生产过氧化氢的方法，材料和装置。 在一个优选的实施方案中，用醌催化剂衍生的高表面积循环元素在阴极也可以用醌催化剂衍生化并且低浓度溶液醌用作介体的电解槽中被还原。 一旦减少，循环元件被分离并用于在水性，无电解质的环境中从分子氧形成过氧化氢。 循环元件可以重复循环。 特别地，还公开了新的萘醌化合物。
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公开(公告)号：US4572774A
公开(公告)日：1986-02-25
申请号：US689490
申请日：1985-01-07
CPC分类号： C25B1/30
摘要： An apparatus for the production of hydrogen peroxide is disclosed. In one preferred embodiment, high surface area circulating elements derivatized with a quinone catalyst are reduced in an electrolytic cell where the cathode may also be derivatized with a quinone catalyst and a solution quinone at low concentration is used as a mediator. Once reduced, the circulating elements are separated and used to form hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen in an aqueous, electrolyte-free, environment. The circulating elements can be cycled repeatedly. Particular, novel naphthoquinone compounds are also disclosed.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于生产过氧化氢的设备。 在一个优选的实施方案中，用醌催化剂衍生的高表面积循环元素在阴极也可以用醌催化剂衍生化并且低浓度溶液醌用作介体的电解槽中被还原。 一旦减少，循环元件被分离并用于在水性，无电解质的环境中从分子氧形成过氧化氢。 循环元件可以重复循环。 特别地，还公开了新的萘醌化合物。
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5.发明授权Microelectrochemical devices based on inorganic redox active material and method for sensing 失效基于无机氧化还原活性物质的微电化学器件及其检测方法
公开(公告)号：US4936956A
公开(公告)日：1990-06-26
申请号：US114566
申请日：1987-10-29
申请人： Mark S. Wrighton
发明人： Mark S. Wrighton
IPC分类号： G01N27/04 , G01N27/12 , G01N27/333 , G01N27/413 , G01N27/414 , G01N27/416 , G02F1/153 , G11C13/02 , H01G7/00 , H01L29/66 , H01L51/00 , H01L51/05 , H01L51/30 , H01L51/40
CPC分类号： G01N27/414 , B82Y10/00 , G01N27/12 , G02F1/1533 , G11C13/0009 , H01G7/00 , H01L51/0035 , H01L51/0077 , H01L51/0508 , H01L51/0583 , H01L51/0595 , G02F2001/1557 , G11C2213/34 , H01L51/0006 , H01L51/0018
摘要： Novel microelectrochemical devices are provided which consist of closely spaced microelectrodes coated with metal ion based inorganic redox active material such as oxides or mixed oxides of any of the following transition metals: W, Ni, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Nb, Mo, V, or any other metal that undergoes a change in electrical conductivity upon electrochemical oxidation or reduction, in contact with an electrolyte. Additionally, other metal based redox materials whose conductivity changes as a function of the movement of ions into or out of the material can be used in the construction of microelectronic devices, for example, Prussian Blue, Fe.sub.4 [Fe(CH).sub.6 ].sub.3."Metal ion-based microelectrochemical devices" encompasses all devices based on an inorganic redox active material which incorporate an active "gate" region or "channel", or exhibit rectification. Included in this classification are devices analogous to diodes, field effect transistors, p-n-p transistors, and n-p-n transistors, and pH sensors, among others. A number of specific examples of transistors and sensors are described in detail.
摘要翻译： 提供新的微电化学装置，其包括用金属离子型无机氧化还原活性材料如密封间隔的微电极，例如氧化物或以下任何过渡金属的混合氧化物：W，Ni，Ru，Co，Rh，Ir，Nb，Mo， V或电化学氧化或还原时经历电导率变化的任何其它金属与电解质接触。 此外，其他金属氧化还原材料的导电性随着离子进出材料的移动而变化，可用于构建微电子器件，例如普鲁士蓝，Fe4 [Fe（CH）6] 3。 “金属离子型微电化学装置”包括基于无机氧化还原活性材料的所有装置，其包含活性“门”区域或“通道”，或表现出整流。 在该分类中包括与二极管，场效应晶体管，p-n-p晶体管和n-p-n晶体管以及pH传感器等类似的器件。 详细描述了晶体管和传感器的许多具体示例。
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公开(公告)号：US4721601A
公开(公告)日：1988-01-26
申请号：US674410
申请日：1984-11-23
IPC分类号： G01N27/04 , G01N27/22 , G01N27/414 , G02F1/153 , G11C13/02 , H01G7/00 , H01L51/00 , H01L51/30 , H01L51/40 , G01N27/26
CPC分类号： H01L51/0508 , B82Y10/00 , G01N27/129 , G01N27/414 , G02F1/1533 , G11C13/0009 , G11C13/0014 , G11C13/0016 , H01G7/00 , H01L51/0035 , H01L51/0077 , H01L51/0583 , H01L51/0595 , G01N27/48 , H01L51/0006 , Y10S977/936
摘要： Several types of new microelectronic devices including diodes, transistors, sensors, surface energy storage elements, and light-emitting devices are disclosed. The properties of these devices can be controlled by molecular-level changes in electroactive polymer components. These polymer components are formed from electrochemically polymerizable material whose physical properties change in response to chemical changes, and can be used to bring about an electrical connection between two or more closely spaced microelectrodes. Examples of such materials include polypyrrole, polyaniline, and polythiophene, which respond to changes in redox potential. Each electrode can be individually addressed and characterized electrochemically by controlling the amount and chemical composition of the functionalizing polymer. Sensitivity of the devices may be increased by decreasing separations between electrodes as well as altering the chemical environment of the electrode-confined polymer. These very small, specific, sensitive devices provide means for interfacing electrical and chemical systems while consuming very little power.
摘要翻译： 公开了几种类型的新型微电子器件，包括二极管，晶体管，传感器，表面能存储元件和发光器件。 这些器件的性质可以通过电活性聚合物组分的分子级变化来控制。 这些聚合物组分由电化学可聚合材料形成，其物理性能响应于化学变化而改变，并且可用于在两个或更多个紧密间隔的微电极之间产生电连接。 这些材料的实例包括响应于氧化还原电位变化的聚吡咯，聚苯胺和聚噻吩。 可以通过控制官能化聚合物的量和化学成分，通过电化学方法对每个电极进行单独寻址和表征。 可以通过减少电极之间的分离以及改变电极限制的聚合物的化学环境来增加器件的灵敏度。 这些非常小的，特定的，敏感的设备提供了用于在消耗很少功率的情况下连接电气和化学系统的装置。
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7.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US5444330A
公开(公告)日：1995-08-22
申请号：US19242
申请日：1993-02-18
CPC分类号： G02F1/155 , F21K2/08 , G02F1/15 , G02F1/1521 , G02F1/1523 , G02F1/1525 , G02F2001/1517 , G02F2001/1555 , G02F2001/1557
摘要： A display having an array of matrix addressable pairs of electrodes mounted face up on the same substrate. The pairs of electrodes are derivatized with either electrochromic materials or electroluminescent material to form the pixels of the display. In the electrochromic embodiment of the invention, a layer of a solid polymer electrolyte is included. The air of electrodes may also be left clean of derivatizing material, but with an electroluminescent substance dissolved in the solid polymer electrolyte. An electrochemiluminescent embodiment is also provided where the electrochemiluminescent substance can be dissolved in the solid polymer electrolyte. A method of patterning the electrolyte layer to form relatively nonconductive borders around each of the pairs by selective exposure of the electrolyte layer in the region of the border to electromagnetic radiation to cause permanent change in the chemical composition of the electrolyte so that the exposed border regions are rendered relatively non-conductive is also provided. An electrically reconfigurable photomask having an area comprised of an arrangement of electrochromic covered electrode pairs constituting pixels, the opacity and transmissivity of which may be controlled by application of an electrical bias to yield complete control over the transmissivity and opacity of each pixel of the areas, is also provided.
摘要翻译： 具有矩阵可寻址对电极阵列的显示器面朝上安装在相同的基板上。 电极对用电致变色材料或电致发光材料衍生，以形成显示器的像素。 在本发明的电致变色实施例中，包括固体聚合物电解质层。 电极的空气也可以被清洁的衍生材料，但是溶解在固体聚合物电解质中的电致发光物质。 还提供了电化学发光实施例，其中电化学发光物质可以溶解在固体聚合物电解质中。 图案化电解质层以通过选择性地将边界区域中的电解质层暴露于电磁辐射以使电解质的化学组成发生永久变化，使得暴露的边界区域 也被提供相对不导电。 一种电可重构光掩模，其具有由构成像素的电致变色覆盖电极对的布置构成的区域，其透明度和透射率可以通过施加电偏压来控制，以产生对该区域的每个像素的透射率和不透明度的完全控制， 也提供。
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公开(公告)号：US4717673A
公开(公告)日：1988-01-05
申请号：US798263
申请日：1985-11-19
IPC分类号： G01N21/75 , G01N27/00 , G01N27/04 , G01N27/12 , G01N27/26 , G01N27/30 , G01N27/327 , G01N27/333 , G01N27/414 , G01N27/416 , G02F1/01 , G02F1/153 , G11C13/02 , H01G7/00 , H01G9/028 , H01L21/822 , H01L27/04 , H01L29/78 , H01L29/861 , H01L49/00 , H01L51/05 , H01L51/30 , H01L51/40 , H01L51/42 , G01N27/22
CPC分类号： H01L51/0077 , B82Y10/00 , G02F1/1533 , G11C13/0009 , G11C13/0014 , G11C13/0016 , H01G7/00 , H01L51/0006 , H01L51/0035 , H01L51/0508 , H01L51/0583 , H01L51/0595 , G01N27/4145 , H01L51/42 , Y02E10/549 , Y10S436/806 , Y10T436/209163
摘要： Very stable, polymer-based electrochemical devices, formed by polymerization of thiophene or a derivative such as 3-methylthiophene which is durable in an aqueous electrolyte over a wide pH range, which respond rapidly to chemical or electrical signals, are disclosed. In one embodiment, the device functions as an extremely sensitive sensor which measures changes in chemical concentration or pH. For example, a poly-3-methylthiophene-based device is sensitive to as little as 8.times.10.sup.-16 moles of an oxidant which reversibly interacts with the polymer, including gas phase oxidants such as I.sub.2. In a variation of the polymer-based device, a catalyst such as a noble metal or an enzyme, is dispersed on or within the conducting polymer matrix so that the device is responsive to chemicals such as H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 which the polymer would otherwise respond very slowly to. In a second embodiment, a polymer-based electrochromic device consists of polymer-coated microelectrodes which are individually addressed. Very high resolution is achieved by separating the microelectrodes by distances on the order of 10,000 Angstroms. In still another embodiment, the polymer-based device functions as a capacitor with an energy density as high as 200-300 J/cm.sup.3 which can operate at frequencies as high as 100 Hz. Large polymer-based capacitors are useful for storage of solar energy or as automobile batteries. Microcapacitors may be incorporated into conventional integrated circuit designs.
摘要翻译： 公开了通过噻吩聚合形成的非常稳定的基于聚合物的电化学装置，或者是在宽pH范围内耐水解的电解质中的3-甲基噻吩，其在化学或电信号上迅速响应。 在一个实施例中，该装置用作测量化学浓度或pH变化的极敏感的传感器。 例如，基于聚-3-甲基噻吩的器件对少至8×10-16摩尔的氧化剂敏感，氧化剂与聚合物可逆地相互作用，包括气相氧化剂如I2。 在基于聚合物的装置的变体中，催化剂如贵金属或酶分散在导电聚合物基质上或导电聚合物基质内，使得该装置对诸如H 2和O 2的化学物质有反应，聚合物否则将会非常响应 慢慢到 在第二实施例中，基于聚合物的电致变色装置由单独寻址的聚合物涂覆的微电极组成。 通过将微电极分开约10,000埃的距离来实现非常高的分辨率。 在另一个实施方案中，基于聚合物的器件用作能够在高达100Hz的频率下操作的能量密度高达200-300J / cm 3的电容器。 大型聚合物电容器可用于储存太阳能或汽车电池。 微电容器可以并入传统的集成电路设计中。
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9.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US4414300A
公开(公告)日：1983-11-08
申请号：US782596
申请日：1977-03-29
CPC分类号： H01M14/005 , H01G9/20
摘要： Sustained conversion of low energy visible or near i.r. light (>1.25 eV) to electrical energy has been obtained using wet photoelectrochemical cells where there are no net chemical changes in the system. Stabilization of n-type semi-conductor anodes of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, GaP, GaAs and InP to photoanodic dissolution is achieved by employing selected alkaline solutions of Na.sub.2 S, Na.sub.2 S/S, Na.sub.2 Se, Na.sub.2 Se/Se, Na.sub.2 Te and Na.sub.2 Te/Te as the electrolyte. The oxidation of (poly) sulfide, (poly)selenide or (poly)telluride species occurs at the irradiated anode, and reduction of polysulfide, polyselenide or polytelluride species occurs at the dark Pt cathode of the photoelectrochemical cell. Optical to electrical energy conversion efficiencies approaching 15% at selected frequencies have been observed in some cells. The wavelength for the onset of photocurrent corresponds to the band gap of the particular anode material used in the cell.
摘要翻译： 低能量的持续转换可见或接近i.r. 使用系统中没有净化学变化的湿式光电化学电池已经获得了光（> 1.25eV）的电能。 通过使用Na 2 S，Na 2 S / S，Na 2 Se，Na 2 Se / Se，Na 2 Se和Na 2 Te / Te的选择的碱性溶液，将CdS，CdSe，CdTe，GaP，GaAs和InP的n型半导体阳极稳定化成光阳离子溶解 电解液。 （聚）硫化物，（聚）碲化物或（多）碲化物物质的氧化发生在被照射的阳极处，并且多硫化物，多硒化物或聚碲化ide物质的还原发生在光电化学电池的暗Pt阴极处。 在某些细胞中观察到光电转换效率在选定频率下接近15％。 光电流开始的波长对应于电池中使用的特定阳极材料的带隙。
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公开(公告)号：US4128704A
公开(公告)日：1978-12-05
申请号：US850916
申请日：1977-11-14
申请人： Howard McKinzie , Mark S. Wrighton , Joseph Lester
发明人： Howard McKinzie , Mark S. Wrighton , Joseph Lester
CPC分类号： H01M14/005 , H01G9/20
摘要： A photochemical energy storage system includes at least one electrolytic solution containing a reduction-oxidation couple, one species of which can be stored in a second phase. The device includes a charging system and an energy delivery system. The charging system includes an n-or p-type photosensitive electrode at which, under illumination, an oxidation or reduction reaction occurs. In the charging cycle, one species is oxidized while the other is reduced, and one of these products is stored in a phase other than the phase in which the reaction occurs. The energy delivery system transfers electrons to or from the high energy product on demand for delivery through an electrical load to an electrode at which the original reactants can be reconstituted.
摘要翻译： 光化学能量存储系统包括至少一种含有还原氧化对的电解液，其中一种可以在第二相中储存。 该装置包括充电系统和能量输送系统。 充电系统包括n型或p型光敏电极，在该照明下发生氧化或还原反应。 在充电循环中，一种物质被氧化，另一种被还原，并且这些产物中的一种以除了发生反应的相以外的相中储存。 能量递送系统根据需要将电子传递到高能产品或从高能产品传输，通过电负载传送到可以重构原始反应物的电极。
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