公开(公告)号：US20050113611A1

公开(公告)日：2005-05-26

申请号：US10954691

申请日：2004-09-29

Applicant: Terry Adams ,  Brian Appel ,  Craig Einfeldt ,  James Freiss

Inventor： Terry Adams ,  Brian Appel ,  Craig Einfeldt ,  James Freiss

IPC: B01J10/00 ,  C07C1/00 ,  C07C4/00 ,  C10G1/00 ,  C10G1/10 ,  C10L1/04

CPC classification number: C10G1/002 ,  C10G1/00 ,  C10G1/02 ,  C10G1/045 ,  C10G1/047 ,  C10G1/10 ,  C10G3/40 ,  C10G2300/1018 ,  C10G2300/304 ,  C10G2300/307 ,  C10G2300/4006 ,  C10G2300/4012 ,  C10G2400/26 ,  C10L1/00 ,  Y02E50/343 ,  Y02P30/20

Abstract: The present invention addresses the processing of waste and low-value products that contain bone material to produce useful materials in reliable purities and compositions, at acceptable cost, and with high energy efficiency. In particular, the invention comprises a process that converts various feedstocks such as offal, animal manures, and municipal sewage sludge, to useful materials including gas, oil, specialty chemicals, and carbon solids. The process heats the feedstock in order to breakdown proteins and separate organic material from bone material, applies further heat and pressure to the resulting liquid mixture, separates out various components, then further applies heat and pressure to one or more of those components. The invention further comprises an apparatus for performing a process of converting waste products into useful materials, and an oil product that arises from the process.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及含有骨材料的废物和低价值产品的处理，以可接受的成本和高能量效率产生可靠的纯度和组合物的有用材料。 特别地，本发明包括将诸如内脏，动物粪便和市政污水污泥的各种原料转化成包括气体，油，特种化学品和碳固体的有用材料的方法。 该方法加热原料以分解蛋白质并将有机材料与骨材料分离，对所得液体混合物进一步加热和加压，分离各种组分，然后进一步向这些组分中的一种或多种施加热量和压力。 本发明还包括一种用于执行将废物转化为有用材料的方法的设备，以及由该方法产生的油品。

公开(公告)号：US06540210B2

公开(公告)日：2003-04-01

申请号：US09885649

申请日：2001-06-20

Applicant: John R. Satterfield

Inventor： John R. Satterfield

IPC: B01F304

CPC classification number: F02M7/103 ,  B01F3/04099 ,  B01F5/0451 ,  B01F5/0463 ,  B01F5/0473 ,  B01F5/061 ,  B01F2005/0034 ,  B01F2215/0086 ,  C10L1/00 ,  F02M19/03 ,  Y10S261/12 ,  Y10S261/26 ,  Y10S261/56

Abstract: This invention describes systems and methods for mixing two fluids. A first fluid, usually fuel, can be passed through a primary passage that typically leads to a carburetor or other inlet to a combustion engine. A second fluid, usually air, can be mixed with the first by introducing it to the primary passage through an inlet located upstream in the primary passage. The mixture of fluids can then be further emulsified by passing it over a plurality of obstructions, such as a threaded interior surface of the primary passage, located within the primary passage downstream of the inlet.

Abstract translation: 本发明描述了用于混合两种流体的系统和方法。 第一流体（通常是燃料）可以通过通常通向化油器或燃烧发动机的其他入口的主通道。 将第二流体（通常为空气）与第一流体混合，通过将其通过位于主通道上游的入口引入初级通道。 然后可以将流体的混合物通过将其通过多个障碍物（例如主要通道的螺纹内表面）位于入口下游的主要通道内进一步乳化。

公开(公告)号：US5685153A

公开(公告)日：1997-11-11

申请号：US486026

申请日：1995-06-07

Applicant: Norman L. Dickinson ,  Robert G. Murray ,  Michael K. Klosky

Inventor： Norman L. Dickinson ,  Robert G. Murray ,  Michael K. Klosky

IPC: C08J11/00 ,  C02F11/08 ,  C10G31/06 ,  C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/32 ,  C10L9/00 ,  F01K3/18 ,  F01K17/00 ,  F02C3/26 ,  F23C10/10 ,  F23C10/16 ,  F23C99/00 ,  F23K1/00

CPC classification number: C02F11/086 ,  C10G31/06 ,  C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/326 ,  C10L9/00 ,  F01K3/188 ,  F02C3/26 ,  F23C10/10 ,  F23C10/16 ,  F23C99/00 ,  F23K1/00 ,  F23C2206/101 ,  F23G2201/603 ,  F23G2201/80 ,  F23G2900/50214 ,  Y02E20/12 ,  Y02T50/671

Abstract: A process for enhancing the fuel form, raising the energy content, and lowering the level of impurities of low rank coals and/or carbonaceous wastes, like Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), and sewage sludge, by providing the low rank fuel, carbonaceous waste, or mixtures thereof as a slurry in water of processable viscosity. This feed slurry is heated under pressure, usually in the presence of an alkali, to a temperature at which a significant physical and molecular rearrangement occurs, characterized by the splitting off of a substantial proportion of the oxygen bound in the low rank coal or carbonaceous waste as carbon dioxide. At these conditions, solid particles in the feed slurry lose much of their fibrous and hydrophilic character, and are broken up into smaller particles of char, resulting in a slurry of dramatically improved rheology, i.e., capable of a much higher solids concentration (or energy density) at processable viscosity. Simultaneously, cation and anion impurities, like sodium, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, nitrogen, toxic metals, and others, are significantly reduced in the resulting product char slurry fuel.

Abstract translation: 一种提高燃料形式，提高能源含量，降低低等级煤和/或碳质废物（如城市固体废物（MSW），垃圾衍生燃料（RDF））和污水污泥的杂质水平的方法，提供 低级燃料，碳质废物或其混合物，作为可加工粘度的水中的浆料。 该进料浆料通常在碱存在的条件下在压力下加热至发生重大物理和分子重排的温度，其特征在于在低等级煤或碳质废物中分解相当大部分的氧 作为二氧化碳。 在这些条件下，进料浆料中的固体颗粒会损失大量的纤维和亲水特性，并被分解成较小的炭颗粒，从而产生显着改善流变性的浆料，即能够获得高得多的固体浓度（或能量） 密度）。 同时，所得产品炭浆料燃料中的阳离子和阴离子杂质如钠，钾，氯，硫，氮，有毒金属等都显着降低。

公开(公告)号：US4898107A

公开(公告)日：1990-02-06

申请号：US294424

申请日：1989-01-09

Applicant: Norman L. Dickinson

Inventor： Norman L. Dickinson

IPC: C02F11/08 ,  C10L1/00 ,  F01K3/18 ,  F02C3/26 ,  F23C10/10 ,  F23C10/16 ,  F23C99/00 ,  F23K1/00

CPC classification number: F23C99/00 ,  C02F11/086 ,  C10L1/00 ,  F01K3/188 ,  F02C3/26 ,  F23C10/10 ,  F23C10/16 ,  F23K1/00 ,  F23C2206/101 ,  F23G2201/603 ,  F23G2201/80 ,  Y02T50/672

Abstract: Liquid wastes and solid wastes, which can be put into slurry form, have combustible constituents burned from them at supercritical temperature and subcritical pressure, with respect to water, resulting in purified water and, with the more concentrated wastes, recovery of valuable energy. Pressure makes possible the recovery of latent heat so that the dry heating value of the waste is made available. Consequently, relatively dilute wastes can be "incinerated" without the consumption of auxiliary fuel.

Abstract translation: 液态废物和固体废物，可以以浆料形式存在，在超临界温度和亚临界压力下，相对于水，可燃组分从其中燃烧，导致纯净水和更多的浓缩废物回收有价值的能量。 压力使得潜热的恢复成为可能，使废物的干热值得以提供。 因此，相对稀释的废物可以在不消耗辅助燃料的情况下“焚化”。

公开(公告)号：US4702748A

公开(公告)日：1987-10-27

申请号：US838677

申请日：1986-03-12

Applicant: Geoffrey Davies ,  Ahmed El-Toukhy

Inventor： Geoffrey Davies ,  Ahmed El-Toukhy

IPC: C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/02 ,  C10L1/182 ,  C10L1/185 ,  C10L1/222 ,  C10L1/223 ,  C10L1/18 ,  C10L1/32

CPC classification number: C10L1/1824 ,  C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/023 ,  C10L1/1857 ,  C10L1/2222 ,  C10L1/223

Abstract: Coal liquid fractions to be used as fuels are stabilized against gum formation and viscosity increases during storage, permitting the fuel to be burned as is, without further expensive treatments to remove gums or gum-forming materials. Stabilization is accomplished by addition of cyclohexanol or other simple inexpensive secondary and tertiary alcohols, secondary and tertiary amines, and ketones to such coal liquids at levels of 5-25% by weight with respect to the coal liquid being treated. Cyclohexanol is a particularly effective and cost-efficient stabilizer. Other stabilizers are isopropanol, diphenylmethanol, tertiary butanol, dipropylamine, triethylamine, diphenylamine, ethylmethylketone, cyclohexanone, methylphenylketone, and benzophenone. Experimental data indicate that stabilization is achieved by breaking hydrogen bonds between phenols in the coal liquid, thereby preventing or retarding oxidative coupling. In addition, it has been found that coal liquid fractions stabilized according to the invention can be mixed with petroleum-derived liquid fuels to produce mixtures in which gum deposition is prevented or reduced relative to similar mixtures not containing stabilizer.

Abstract translation: 用作燃料的煤液体馏分在保存期间稳定，防止胶体形成并且粘度增加，允许燃料按原样燃烧，而不需要进一步昂贵的处理以除去树胶或成胶材料。 相对于被处理的煤液，以5-25重量％的量将环己醇或其它简单便宜的仲醇和叔醇，仲胺和叔胺和酮加入这种煤液中来实现稳定化。 环己醇是一种特别有效且具有成本效益的稳定剂。 其他稳定剂是异丙醇，二苯基甲醇，叔丁醇，二丙胺，三乙胺，二苯胺，乙基甲基酮，环己酮，甲基苯基酮和二苯甲酮。 实验数据表明，通过破坏煤液中酚类之间的氢键来实现稳定化，从而防止或延缓氧化偶联。 此外，已经发现根据本发明稳定的煤液体馏分可以与石油衍生的液体燃料混合，以产生相对于不含稳定剂的类似混合物来防止或减少胶体沉积的混合物。

公开(公告)号：US4541835A

公开(公告)日：1985-09-17

申请号：US352880

申请日：1982-02-26

Applicant: John H. R. Norton ,  Peter R. Rebello ,  Clifford M. Kavonic ,  Anthony J. Stiff

Inventor： John H. R. Norton ,  Peter R. Rebello ,  Clifford M. Kavonic ,  Anthony J. Stiff

IPC: F02M25/00 ,  C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/02 ,  C10L1/18 ,  C10L1/22

CPC classification number: C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/026

Abstract: The invention concerns a fuel comprising a mixture of (A) at least one alcohol with an average molecular weight of less than 160, and (B) at least one further organic compound which has a spontaneous ignition temperature of less than 450.degree. C. The further organic compound is selected from(i) compounds which contain one nitrate group and at least two ether linkages, and(ii) compounds which contain two nitrate groups and at least one ether linkage.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及一种燃料，其包含（A）至少一种平均分子量小于160的醇的混合物，和（B）至少一种其自身着火温度低于450℃的另外的有机化合物。 另外的有机化合物选自（i）含有一个硝酸根基团和至少两个醚键的化合物，和（ii）含有两个硝酸根基团和至少一个醚键的化合物。

公开(公告)号：US4255158A

公开(公告)日：1981-03-10

申请号：US135171

申请日：1980-03-28

Applicant: Samuel B. King

Inventor： Samuel B. King

IPC: C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/32 ,  C10L1/18

CPC classification number: C10L1/328 ,  C10L1/00

Abstract: A gasoline and petroleum fuel supplement formed of a combination of ingredients including a lower alkanol selected from the group consisting of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, i-propyl alcohol and mixtures thereof and an alkali metal hydroxide selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and mixtures thereof. These ingredients may be added in various ratios to gasoline and/or to water, preferably distilled or deionized water, for use as fuel supplements for internal combustion engines.

Abstract translation: 一种汽油和石油燃料添加剂，由包括选自甲醇，乙醇，正丙醇，异丙醇及其混合物的低级烷醇组成的组合组成，以及碱金属氢氧化物，所述碱金属氢氧化物选自 氢氧化钠，氢氧化钾，氢氧化锂及其混合物。 这些成分可以以不同比例加入到汽油和/或水中，优选蒸馏水或去离子水中，用作内燃机的燃料补充剂。

公开(公告)号：US4201553A

公开(公告)日：1980-05-06

申请号：US884619

申请日：1978-03-08

Applicant: Hans Osborg

Inventor： Hans Osborg

IPC: C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/02 ,  C10L1/10 ,  C10L1/12 ,  C10L1/22 ,  C10L1/30 ,  C10L3/00 ,  C10L7/02

CPC classification number: C10L3/00 ,  C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/02 ,  C10L1/10 ,  C10L1/1208 ,  C10L1/1266 ,  C10L1/2225 ,  C10L1/226 ,  C10L1/303

Abstract: Disclosure is made of a method of improving the combustion of base fuels selected from ammonia and amines. The method comprises the addition of hydrogen carriers to the base fuels, which possess an energy content and release it together with hydrogen for combustion upon ignition of the base fuel. The disclosure is also of novel fuel compositions which comprise from 0.5 to 15 percent by weight of a hydrogen carrier dissolved or suspended in the base fuel.

Abstract translation: 公开了一种改善从氨和胺中选择的基础燃料燃烧的方法。 该方法包括将氢载体加入到具有能量含量的基础燃料中，并与氢一起释放，以便燃烧燃烧基础燃料。 本公开还涉及新的燃料组合物，其包含0.5至15重量％的溶解或悬浮在基础燃料中的氢载体。

公开(公告)号：US3883376A

公开(公告)日：1975-05-13

申请号：US35774873

申请日：1973-05-07

Applicant: US NAVY

Inventor： BILLIG FREDERICK S ,  PIRKLE JR JAMES C ,  GRENLESKI JR STEPHEN E

IPC: C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/30

CPC classification number: C10L1/301 ,  C10L1/00 ,  C10L1/30

Abstract: The invention relates to highly reactive fuel compositions primarily intended for supersonic combustion ramjet engines. In particular, the invention provides highly reactive fuel compositions capable of efficient oxidation and thrust production even within the low combustor residence time of a supersonic combustion ramjet engine. The fuel compositions comprise specific blends of a major fuel component and an additive which, on pyrophoric combustion thereof, produces sufficient heat energy to spontaneously ignite and burn the major fuel component at a substantially increased rate.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及主要用于超音速燃烧冲压喷气发动机的高反应性燃料组合物。 特别地，本发明提供即使在超音速燃烧式冲压式喷气发动机的低燃烧器停留时间内能够有效氧化和推力生产的高反应性燃料组合物。 燃料组合物包括主要燃料组分和添加剂的特定混合物，其在其自燃燃烧时产生足够的热能以显着增加的速率自发点燃和燃烧主要燃料组分。

公开(公告)号：US3463820A

公开(公告)日：1969-08-26

申请号：US3463820D

申请日：1959-05-13

Applicant: OLIN MATHIESON

Inventor： AGER JOHN W JR ,  HEYING THEODORE L ,  MANGOLD DONALD J

IPC: C07F5/02 ,  C10L1/00 ,  C06D5/06 ,  C06D5/10

CPC classification number: C10L1/00 ,  C07F5/027