Abstract:
A polymer, and an organic solar cell including the polymer, include a repeating unit A represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a repeating unit B represented by Chemical Formula 2.
Abstract:
An interconnection structure having an oxygen trap pattern in a semiconductor device, and a method of fabricating the same are provided. The interconnection structure includes a lower interlayer insulating layer formed on a semiconductor substrate. A metal layer pattern and a capping layer pattern are sequentially stacked on the lower interlayer insulating layer. An oxygen trap pattern is disposed on the capping layer pattern and includes a conductive oxygen trap pattern.
Abstract:
Methods of fabricating a nonvolatile memory device using a resistance material and a nonvolatile memory device are provided. According to example embodiments, a method of fabricating a nonvolatile memory device may include forming at least one semiconductor pattern on a substrate, forming a metal layer on the at least one semiconductor pattern, forming a mixed-phase metal silicide layer, in which at least two phases coexist, by performing at least one heat treatment on the substrate so that the at least one semiconductor pattern may react with the metal layer, and exposing the substrate to an etching gas.
Abstract:
The present invention provides methods of forming a phase-change material layer including providing a substrate and a chalcogenide target including germanium (Ge), antimony (Sb) and tellurium (Te) at a temperature wherein tellurium is volatilized and antimony is not volatilized, and performing a sputtering process to form the phase-change material layer including a chalcogenide material on the substrate. Methods of manufacturing a phase-change memory device using the same are also provided.
Abstract:
In a method of forming a titanium aluminum nitride layer, a first reactant is formed on a substrate by reacting a first source including titanium and a second source including nitrogen. A second reactant is formed by providing a third source including aluminum onto the substrate having the first reactant thereon and reacting the third source with the first reactant. A third reactant is formed by providing a fourth source including nitrogen onto the substrate having the second reactant thereon and reacting the fourth source with the second reactant. The titanium aluminum nitride layer having a good step coverage is formed on the substrate. Processes of forming the titanium aluminum nitride layer are simplified and deposition rate is improved. Therefore, a phase-change memory device using the titanium aluminum nitride layer as a lower electrode may have an improved throughput.
Abstract:
Provided is a method of forming a barrier metal layer of a semiconductor device. In the method, a barrier metal layer is formed on a top surface of a semiconductor substrate and then an electrode layer is formed on the semiconductor substrate. Forming the barrier metal layer includes performing a cyclic process repeatedly at least twice. The cyclic process includes depositing a titanium layer and nitriding the deposited titanium layer.
Abstract:
A method of fabricating a semiconductor memory device includes forming a first insulating layer and a sacrificial layer on a substrate. The first insulating layer and the sacrificial layer have an opening therein. A first conductive layer is formed in the opening and on the sacrificial layer. A second insulating layer is formed on the first conductive layer. The second insulating layer, the first conductive layer and the sacrificial layer are then planarized until the first insulating layer is exposed, thereby forming a first conductive pattern and a second insulating layer pattern in the opening. A phase change material layer is formed on the first conductive pattern, the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer pattern. A second conductive pattern is formed on the phase change material layer. A semiconductor memory device and a data processing system adopting the semiconductor memory device are also provided.
Abstract:
A cryogenic refrigerator has a separating device provided between a lower temperature portion and a heat exchanger to selectively separate the lower temperature portion and the heat exchanger, and thus to selectively block heat transfer between the lower temperature portion and the heat exchanger. According to the cryogenic refrigerator, it can have an ability to perform a maintenance operation of the cryogenic refrigerator at normal temperature by blocking heat transfer from the lower temperature portion to the heat exchanger during maintenance after disassembly.
Abstract:
An integrated circuit includes a substrate and a first insulating layer on the substrate that includes a first hole including a floor and a sidewall. A first conductive contact extends conformally on the sidewall and floor to define a groove in the first hole. A second insulating layer is provided on the first insulating layer and includes a second hole that exposes the groove. A second conductive contact is provided in the second hole and in the groove. These integrated circuits are fabricated by forming a first insulating layer on a substrate that includes a first hole including a floor and a sidewall. A first conductive contact is conformally formed on the sidewall and floor to define a groove in the first hole. A second insulating layer is formed on the first insulating layer and includes a second hole that exposes the groove. A second conductive contact is formed in the second hole and in the groove.
Abstract:
A semiconductor device is formed by forming a gate region, including a gate oxide layer, and impurity diffusion regions on a semiconductor substrate, forming a barrier metal layer on the gate region and the impurity diffusion regions of the semiconductor substrate, forming a passivation layer at an interface between the semiconductor substrate and the gate oxide layer to remove defects of the gate oxide layer, and then performing a nitridation process to remove impurities from the semiconductor substrate.