Abstract:
Technologies are generally described for method and systems effective to at least partially alter a defect in a layer including graphene. In some examples, the methods may include receiving the layer on a substrate where the layer includes at least some graphene and at least some defect areas in the graphene. The defect areas may reveal exposed areas of the substrate. The methods may also include reacting the substrate under sufficient reaction conditions to produce at least one cationic area in at least one of the exposed areas. The methods may further include adhering graphene oxide to the at least one cationic area to produce a graphene oxide layer. The methods may further include reducing the graphene oxide layer to produce at least one altered defect area in the layer.
Abstract:
Technologies are generally described for identifying defects in saturable absorbers, such as graphene, by the saturable property of decreasing light absorbance with increasing light intensity. For example, a graphene coated substrate may be imaged twice under two distinct incident intensities. At a gap in the graphene, the substrate may reflect light proportional to the incident intensities. The graphene may show a non-linear increase in reflected light as the intensity of illumination increases. A difference between the two incident intensities may reveal the gap in the graphene. Any suitable imaging technique may be employed such as confocal microscopy or linear scanning. The imaging may be scaled up for high volume automated inspection.
Abstract:
A method placing a gas into a first cavity of a patient, where the gas includes hyperpolarized 3-Helium (3-He). At least a portion of the patient is imaged using MRI to detect the gas within the patient. Based at least in part on the imaging, a determination is made regarding whether at least a portion of the gas is present in a second cavity of the patient. Presence of the gas in the second cavity is indicative of a leakage of the first cavity.
Abstract:
Fluorophores or other indicators can be used to label and identify one or more defects in a graphene layer by localizing at the one or more defects and not at other areas of the graphene layer. A substrate having a surface at least partially covered by the graphene layer may be contacted with the fluorophore such that the fluorophore selectively binds with one or more areas of the surface of the underlying substrate exposed by the one or more defects. The one or more defects can be identified by exposing the substrate to radiation. A detected fluorescence response of the fluorophore to the radiation identifies the one or more defects.
Abstract:
Technologies are presented for growing graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a high purity copper surface. The surface may be prepared by deposition of a high purity copper layer on a lower purity copper substrate using deposition processes such as sputtering, evaporation, electroplating, or CVD. The deposition of the high purity copper layer may be followed by a thermal treatment to facilitate grain growth. Use of the high purity copper layer in combination with the lower purity copper substrate may provide thermal expansion matching, compatibility with copper etch removal, or reduction of contamination, producing fewer graphene defects compared to direct deposition on a lower purity substrate at substantially less expense than deposition approaches using a high purity copper foil substrate.
Abstract:
Technologies are generally described for identifying defects in saturable absorbers, such as graphene, by the saturable property of decreasing light absorbance with increasing light intensity. For example, a graphene coated substrate may be imaged twice under two distinct incident intensities. At a gap in the graphene, the substrate may reflect light proportional to the incident intensities. The graphene may show a non-linear increase in reflected light as the intensity of illumination increases. A difference between the two incident intensities may reveal the gap in the graphene. Any suitable imaging technique may be employed such as confocal microscopy or linear scanning. The imaging may be scaled up for high volume automated inspection.
Abstract:
Technologies are generally described for methods, systems, and structures that include patterns formed by optical lithography. In some example methods, a photoresist layer is applied to a substrate, and a grapheme layer can be applied to the photoresist layer. Light can be applied through a mask to the graphene layer, where the mask includes a pattern. The light can form the pattern on the graphene layer such that the pattern forms on the photoresist layer.