摘要:
An optical disk includes a first area on which user information is recorded, and a second area in which a plurality of marks radially extending are arranged in a track direction in the optical disk. Information about the reflectance of the optical disk is recorded in the second area. It is intended to optimize the amplification factor of the reproduced signal on the basis of the information about the reflectance of the optical disk in the second area. Control data and user data can be reproduced quickly and highly reliably without depending on the relationship between the reflectances of a recording area and a non-recorded area of the optical disk.
摘要:
The electrical connector of the present invention has an insulative housing having a first face across from a first electrical circuit and a second face across from a second electrical circuit. A plurality of contacts are mounted in the insulative housing, each of which contacts a contact point of the first electrical circuit at the first face, and contacts a contact point of the second electrical circuit at the second face, thereby interconnecting the first and second circuits. Each of the contacts has one portion of the contact supported by the insulative housing so as to be capable of pivoting in response to the displacement of the first contact portion and the second contact portion.
摘要:
A land grid array socket contact has a resilient contact that extends parallel to a base plate and is attached to at least one side walls of the base plate by a curved section angled approximately 180 degrees from the at least one side wall. The resilient contact has a free end for contacting a contact pad. A board terminal extends from a lower end of the base plate for connection to a circuit board. In another embodiment, the land grid array socket contact has a resilient contact extending from an upper end of a base plate. The resilient contact has an elongated slit substantially in a center of the resilient contact with respect to a direction of width and a free end for contacting a contact pad. A board terminal extends from a lower end of the base plate for connection to a circuit board.
摘要:
The depth and a relative dimensional factor of a defect present in the interior of a silicon wafer are measured, and the number of such defects is calculated. A laser beam having a larger energy than the band gap of silicon is radiated obliquely to the semiconductor wafer and a scattered beam from a defect present in a subsurface layer of the wafer is detected by an image pick-up device. The temperature of the wafer is changed to at least two temperatures of T1 and T2 or to any one of plural temperatures by means of a heater and the intensity of a scattered beam is measured. It is taken into account that the light absorbance of silicon and the penetration depth of light in silicon vary depending on temperature, to determine the depth and a relative dimensional factor of an internal defect which causes scattering of light, as well as the number of such crystal defects.
摘要:
In a measurement method for measuring the epitaxial film thickness of a multilayer epitaxial wafer, a reflectivity spectrum of a multilayer epitaxial wafer having at least two epitaxial layers of different electric characteristics is measured by using infrared radiation in a far infrared region of at least 500 cm.sup.-1 or less, and frequency-analysis is performed on the reflection spectrum thus obtained by a maximum entropy method, and the film thickness of each epitaxial layer is calculated on the basis of the analysis spectrum thus obtained.
摘要:
A silicon wafer is mirror-polished until obtaining surface roughness Ra of 0.70-1.00 nm, Rq of 0.80-1.10 nm, or Rt of 4.50-7.00 nm. The resulting wafer is heat-treated at a temperature not lower than 1,200.degree. C. for 30 minutes to 4 hours in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. According to another aspect, a silicon wafer is mirror-polished until obtaining surface roughness values Ra' of 0.08-0.70 nm, rms of 0.10-0.90 nm, and P-V of 0.80-5.80 nm in a square area of 90 .mu.m by 90 .mu.m, and surface roughness values Ra' of 0.13-0.40 nm, rms of 0.18-0.50 nm, and P-V of 1.30-2.50 nm in a square area of 500 nm by 500 nm. The resulting wafer is heat-treated at 1,100.degree.-1,300.degree. C. for 30 minutes to 4 hours in a hydrogen gas atmosphere.
摘要:
A valve operating device for operating an intake or exhaust valve in an internal combustion engine includes a cam having a cam profile including a valve lifting portion for applying a force to open the engine valve and a base circle portion for allowing the valve to be closed, the cam profile having a valve opening point and a valve closing point between the valve lifting portion and the base circle portion, a cam follower slidably engaging the cam, and a hydraulic lash adjuster combined with the cam follower for eliminating any gap between the means and the engine valve. The base circle portion has a gradient cam surface or a combination of different gradient cam surfaces for canceling out valve-lifting radial displacement of the base circle portion.
摘要:
A method and apparatus for electrolytic treatment to a metal web includes transporting the metal web between pairs of electrolytic-plates which are immersed in an electrolyzer. A plurality of insulating members extends from upper surface or bottom of the electrolyzer along a widthwise direction of the metal web, and the insulating members function to interrupt a flow of the electrolyte which is circulated in the electrolyzer which increases the agitation rate of the electrolyte in the vicinity of the surfaces of the metal web.
摘要:
An optical material having a high birefringence and a small absolute value of a photoelastic coefficient is provided by use of a resin composition for an optical material comprising a resin (a) having a positive photoelastic coefficient and a negative inherent birefringence and a resin (b) having a negative photoelastic coefficient and a negative inherent birefringence.
摘要:
An electrical connector, includes a protection circuit for protecting circuits on a circuit board. The electrical connector includes a housing, a plurality of contacts secured to the housing, and a semiconductor device built into the housing. The semiconductor devices include an overvoltage protection device, and the plurality of contacts are grounded through the overvoltage protection device.