Abstract:
The invention describes a particle source in which energy selection occurs. The energy selection occurs by sending a beam of electrically charged particles 103 eccentrically through a lens 107. As a result of this, energy dispersion will occur in an image formed by the lens. By projecting this image onto a slit 109 in an energy selecting diaphragm 108, it is possible to allow only particles in a limited portion of the energy spectrum to pass. Consequently, the passed beam 113 will have a reduced energy spread. Deflection unit 112 deflects the beam to the optical axis 101. One can also elect to deflect a beam 105 going through the middle of the lens toward the optical axis and having, for example, greater current. The energy dispersed spot is imaged on the slit by a deflector 111. When positioning the energy dispersed spot on the slit, central beam 105 is deflected from the axis to such an extent that it is stopped by the energy selecting diaphragm. Hereby reflections and contamination resulting from this beam in the region after the diaphragm are avoided. Also electron-electron interaction resulting from the electrons from the central beam interacting with the energy filtered beam in the area of deflector 112 is avoided.
a discharge chamber containing a gas at a prescribed pressure; a cathode mounted within said discharge chamber, said cathode comprising a conductor having a plurality of micro hollows therein, each of said micro hollows having dimensions selected to support a micro hollow discharge at said prescribed pressure; an anode mounted within said discharge chamber and spaced from said cathode; and electrical means for coupling electrical energy to said cathode and said anode at a voltage and current for producing micro hollow discharges in each of the micro hollows in said cathode.
Abstract:
Methods of marking paper products and marked paper products are provided. Some methods include irradiating the paper product to alter the functionalization of the paper.
Abstract:
The invention provides an ion source comprising first and second cathode pole pieces spaced apart from one another to form a cavity therebetween, an edge of the first cathode pole piece being spaced apart from an edge of the second cathode pole piece to define an elongate cathode gap between the respective edges of the pole pieces, the elongate cathode gap having a longitudinal axis; at least one magnet arranged for magnetising the first and second cathode pole pieces with opposite magnetic polarities; an elongate anode located in the cavity, the anode being spaced apart from the first and second cathode pole pieces and having a longitudinal axis, the longitudinal axis of the elongate anode and the longitudinal axis of the elongate cathode gap substantially coplanar; a first electrical connection which extends from outside the cavity to the anode; and a gas feed conduit which extends from outside the cavity to inside the cavity for introducing a gas into the cavity.
Abstract:
In certain example embodiments of this invention, there is provide an ion source including an anode (25) and a cathode (5). In certain example embodiments, the cathode does not overhang over the anode, or vice versa. Since no, or fewer, areas of overhang are provided between the anode and cathode, there is less undesirable build-up on the anode and/or cathode during operation of the ion source so that the source can run more efficiently. Moreover, in certain example embodiments, an insulator (35) such as a ceramic or the like is provided between the anode and cathode.
Abstract:
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Teilchenquele, insbesondere eine Ionenquelle (99) für die Erzeugung angeregter Teilchen in gasförmigen Medien. Eine dielektrische, z.B. Kaptonfolie (11) ist beidseitig elektrisch leitfähig beschichtet (12, 13) und es wird zwischen den beiden Beschichtungen eine Spannung, vorzugsweise gepulst, angelegt. Durch die Spannung wird im Gasdurchfluss eine Gasentladung (14) gezündet. Durch eine Druckdifferenz zwischen den beiden Seiten (21, 22) der Folie expandiert das Gas von der Hochdruckseite auf die Niederdruckseite, vorzugsweise in einer Ultraschallexpansion (15), wodurch ein gerichteter kalter Strahl (32) aus angeregten Teilchen oder Ionen erzeugt wird.
Abstract:
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Teilchenquele, insbesondere eine Ionenquelle (99) für die Erzeugung angeregter Teilchen in gasförmigen Medien. Eine dielektrische, z.B. Kaptonfolie (11) ist beidseitig elektrisch leitfähig beschichtet (12, 13) und es wird zwischen den beiden Beschichtungen eine Spannung, vorzugsweise gepulst, angelegt. Durch die Spannung wird im Gasdurchfluss eine Gasentladung (14) gezündet. Durch eine Druckdifferenz zwischen den beiden Seiten (21, 22) der Folie expandiert das Gas von der Hochdruckseite auf die Niederdruckseite, vorzugsweise in einer Ultraschallexpansion (15), wodurch ein gerichteter kalter Strahl (32) aus angeregten Teilchen oder Ionen erzeugt wird.
Abstract:
A cathode assembly is for use in a radiation generator and includes an ohmically heated cathode, and a support having formed therein a hole and a recess at least partially surrounding the hole. In addition, there is a mount coupled to the support. The mount includes a larger outer frame positioned within the recess, a smaller inner frame carrying the ohmically heated cathode and spaced apart from the larger outer frame, and a plurality of members coupling the smaller inner frame to the larger outer frame.