摘要:
In an apparatus and method for improved operation of a catalytic reactor, a preferred reactor comprises a vessel having concentric first and second annular catalyst beds. Heat transfer fluid flows through expandable heat transfer U-tubes passing through the catalyst beds, either concurrently or countercurrently with respect to the flow of process gas through the catalyst beds. This arrangement delivers improved heat transfer between the process and heat transfer fluids and allows the heat transfer U-tubes to expand longitudinally to withstand the pressure differential between the process gas and heat transfer fluids.
摘要:
The invented system includes a fuel-cell system comprising a fuel cell that produces electrical power from air (oxygen) and hydrogen, and a fuel processor that produces hydrogen from a variety of feedstocks. One such fuel processor is a steam reformer which produces purified hydrogen from a carbon-containing feedstock and water. In the invented system, various mechanisms for implementing the cold start-up of the fuel processor are disclosed, as well as mechanisms for optimizing and/or harvesting the heat and water requirements of the system, and maintaining desired the feed ratios of feedstock to water in the fuel processor and purity of the process water used in the system.
摘要:
Disclosed are apparatus and methods for conversion of hydrocarbon feed streams into liquid products. One embodiment of an apparatus includes a pressure vessel that contains a synthesis gas production device, a synthesis gas conditioning device and a synthesis gas conversion device wherein the synthesis gas production device and the synthesis gas conditioning device are nested within the synthesis gas conversion device. One embodiment of a method includes providing a hydrocarbon feed stream and producing a synthesis gas stream from the hydrocarbon feed stream in a synthesis gas production device. Subsequently, the synthesis gas stream is conditioned by removing heat from the synthesis gas stream through a first hollow body into a reactant feed stream that is then fed into the synthesis gas production device. Finally, the synthesis gas stream is converted to form a liquid product stream.
摘要:
Syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is an intermediate in the conversion of methane to liquid fuels. For certain applications, it is desirable to maintain an H2/CO molar ratio of about 3. This molar ratio is achieved by steam reforming of methane in accordance with: CH4+H2O→3H2+CO. To provide the heat required to drive the endothermic steam reforming reaction, a low grade fuel is combusted in a reactor and the heat of combustion conducted to the endothermic reaction. By using an oxygen selective ion transport membrane element to transport the oxygen required for combustion, the formation of undesirable NOx compounds is minimized.
摘要:
A fuel processing system is disclosed. The system includes a steam reformer adapted to produce hydrogen from a feedstock consisting of water and at least one of an alcohol and a hydrocarbon feedstock. The hydrogen is produced by reacting the feedstock in the present of a reforming catalyst. The product stream is passed through a hydrogen-selective membrane module, at which the permeate stream is polished to remove trade carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and the byproduct stream is combusted to heat the reformer.
摘要:
A compact, mobile fuel converter for producing molecular hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels, such as automotive gasoline, or other fuels such as methanol and ethanol has a steam reformer for producing molecular hydrogen from a pressurized and desulfurized fuel and water vapor preheated by flue gases from the fuel processor. The fuel processor is fed with the desulfurized fuel and water mix and a burner is provided to combust off-gas from the fuel processor reaction. Uncombusted off-gas is depressurized and mixed with auxiliary fuel used in the burner. Hydrogen produced in the fuel processor by the steam reforming process is separated from other reformate products using membrane filtration.
摘要:
An exothermic heterogeneous catalytic synthesis reactor including at least one catalytic bed 5a-5c arranged in a cylindrical shell 2 and provided with a bottom plate 6a-6c for containment of the catalyst, and at least one supporting shoulder 7a-7c for the bottom plate 6a-6c extending from the shell 2, includes a catalyst-seal support device including an annular element 17, 25 placed between the shoulder 7a-7c and the bottom plate 6a-6c. The annular element 17, 25 is fixed in a removable manner with the bottom plate 6a-6c and has a thermal expansion coefficient substantially equal to that of the shell 2.
摘要:
Gases which are rich in carbon monoxide are producted by a catalytic cracking of gaseous or vaporized hydrocarbons. A part of the hydrocarbons is combusted with an oxygen-containing gas which is added at a rate that is twice to ten times the stoichiometric oxygen demand. The combustion temperature are between 800.degree. and 1500.degree. C. The oxygen-containing combustion gas is admixed to the preheated remainder of the hydrocarbon and a mixture is producted which is at a temperature between about 700.degree. and about 1300.degree. C. That mixture is passed through a fixed bed consisting of a granular cracking catalyst. A high-CO product gas at a temperature between about 800.degree. and about 1150.degree. C. is withdrawn from the fixed bed.
摘要:
Each ozonization loop (1) which includes a compressor (2), an ozonizer (3), and a heat exchanger (8) for cooling the oxygen-ozone mixture, is associated with three cylinders (4,5,6) filled with silica gel. Each cylinder operates in succession in a cocurrent adsorption, in countercurrent desorption by a substitution gas, and in scavenging by taking off a part of the flow circulating in the loop. The scavenging flow is recovered and combined with the substitution gas. The substitution gas may be in particular impure nitrogen supplyed by an air distillation apparatus producing the necessary oxygen.
摘要:
In an ammoxidation process where reactant gases comprised of a lower alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, oxygen, and ammonia are passed over an ammoxidation catalyst in a fixed or fluidized bed system, the improvement of reducing combustion of hydrocarbon and ammonia and achieving a more favorable product distribution by distributing a stream containing reactant oxygen throughout the catalyst bed.