摘要:
Methods and apparatus to facilitate the measurement of the amount of scattered electrons collected by an anti-fogging baffle arrangement are provided. For some embodiments, by affixing a lead to an electrically isolated (floating) portion of the baffle arrangement, the amount of scattered electrons collected thereby may be read out, for example, as a current signal. Thus, for such embodiments, the baffle arrangement may double as a detector, allowing an image of surface (e.g., a mask or substrate surface) to be generated.
摘要:
The present invention provides a charged particle emission component (100) for providing a charged particle beam (17) to a chamber of a charged particle beam column. The device comprises a gun chamber for housing the charged particle emission component; an emitter (16) for emitting a beam of charged particles; at least one beam shaping element (109; 18; 108; 402); and a residual gas diffusion barrier (106; 206) directly subsequent the emitter.
摘要:
We have developed a method and apparatus for cooling electromagnetic lens coils of the kind used in charged particle beams. The method and apparatus provide not only a symmetrical cooling effect around the optical axis of the charged particle beam, but also provide improved uniformity of heat transfer. This improved uniformity enables control over the optical axis of the charged particle beam within about 1 nm for high current charged particle beam columns, wherein the current ranges from about 100 nanoamps to about 1000 nanoamps. The use of a squat and wide electromagnetic lens coil in combination with an essentially flat modular cooling panel, which provides uniform cooling to the electromagnetic lens coil, not only enables control over the optical axis of the charged particle beam, but also provides mechanical stability for the charged particle beam column.
摘要:
A thermal power plant with sequential combustion and reduced CO2 emissions is disclosed, which includes the following components, which are connected in series via in each case at least one flow passage (S): a combustion feed air compressor unit, a first combustion chamber, a high-pressure turbine stage, a second combustion chamber and a low-pressure turbine stage. The second combustion chamber and/or the low-pressure turbine stage can be supplied with a cooling gas stream for cooling purposes. A method for operating a thermal power plant of this type is also disclosed.
摘要:
A charged particle beam apparatus is provided which comprises a charged particle source for producing a primary beam of charged particles, aperture means for collimating said primary beam of charged particles, wherein said aperture means is adapted to switch between a collimation of said primary beam to a width appropriate for serial imaging of a sample as well as a collimation of said primary beam to a width appropriate for parallel imaging of said sample, a condenser lens for condensing said primary beam of charged particles, scanning means for deflecting said primary beam of charged particles, an objective lens for focusing said condensed primary beam, a sectorized detector for detecting a secondary charged particles. Also, several different operation modes of the beam apparatus are described allowing for serial imaging as well as parallel imaging.
摘要:
A method of operating a gas turbine power plant and gas turbine power plant are disclosed wherein hydrogen for the combusting process is produced by feeding natural gas mixed with steam through a membrane/partial oxidation reactor and converting the natural gas at least to H2 and CO. Thereby oxygen is transferred from the compressed air through the membrane of the membrane/partial oxidation reactor and the oxygen is used for the partial oxidation process of the natural gas. The process is followed by converting the syngas in a CO shift reactor and a CO shift reactor to a CO2 removal equipment to mainly hydrogen.
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for producing hot working gases for a gas turbine system. In a burner, combustion that generates hot combustion waste gas takes place. A portion of the combustion waste gas branches off and feeds into an oxygen separation device. A heat exchanger produces a heated oxygen-containing gas from oxygen-containing gas. The heated oxygen-containing gas feeds to the oxygen separation device. The oxygen separation device includes an oxygen separation means that removes oxygen from the heated oxygen-containing gas and feeds it to the branched-off waste gas. Oxygen-reduced hot gas then leaves the oxygen separation device. Oxygen-enriched branched-off waste gas as well as fuel feed to the burner and form a combustion mixture that bums in the burner while forming the hot combustion waste gases. In order to improve the efficiency of the device, the oxygen-enriched branched-off waste gas heats the oxygen-containing gas.
摘要:
In a burner of the double-cone design for burning liquid (12) and gaseous fuels (16), the at least two sectional cone bodies (1, 2) overlap at least partly, the overlap angle (.delta.) increasing in the direction of flow of the burner, and the distance between the fuel injectors (15) and the air-inlet plane (21) into the burner increasing simultaneously with the increase in the overlap angle (.delta.). As a result, the air-inlet plane (21) and the fuel-injection plane (22) no longer coincide. Improved premixing of the gaseous fuel (16) with the combustion air is achieved by the invention, which leads to lower NOx emissions of the burner and to lower thermal loading of the burner front.
摘要:
Homogeneous, electro-viscous fluids are provided which contain aluminum soaps based on products obtained by reacting one or more mono- or polycarboxylic acid(s) or the anhydrides or semi-esters thereof with reactive aluminum compounds, such as aluminum alcoholates. The aforesaid fluids manifest high electro-rheological effect and are completely homogeneous, and do not require a dispersant.
摘要:
An apparatus for pulsing an electron beam essentially includes two pulse generators driven by a synchronizing unit, an electronic time delay element for delaying a trigger signal generated by the synchronizing unit, and two blanking capacitors arranged between the electron source and a first condensor lens and an electron optical column of an electron beam metrological equipment. Signals of different frequencies are applied to the blanking capacitors so that one electron pulse reaches the module surface per period t of the signal being measured. The phase relationship of the electron pulses is shifted over a time range of interest with the assistance of a controllable time delay element.