摘要:
A work piece is electroplated or electroplanarized using an azimuthally asymmetric electrode. The azimuthally asymmetric electrode is rotated with respect to the work piece (i.e., either or both of the work piece and the electrode may be rotating). The azimuthal asymmetry provides a time-of-exposure correction to the current distribution reaching the work piece. In some embodiments, the total current is distributed among a plurality of electrodes in a reaction cell in order to tailor the current distribution in the electrolyte over time. Focusing elements may be used to create “virtual electrode” in proximity to the surface of the work piece to further control the current distribution in the electrolyte during plating or planarization.
摘要:
An apparatus for wet etching metal from a semiconductor wafer comprises a wafer holder for rotating a wafer and a plurality of nozzles for applying separate flow patterns of etching liquid to the surface of the wafer. The flow patterns impact the wafer in distinct band-like impact zones. The flow pattern of etching liquid from at least one nozzle is modulated during a total etching time control the cumulative etching rate in one local etch region relative to the cumulative etching rate in one or more other local etch regions. Some embodiments include a lower etch chamber and an upper rinse chamber separated by a horizontal splash shield. Some embodiments include a retractable vertical splash shield used to prevent splashing of etching liquid onto the inside walls of a treatment container. An etch-liquid delivery system includes a plurality of nozzle flow paths having corresponding nozzle flow resistances, and a plurality of drain flow paths having corresponding drain flow resistances. Nozzle flow resistances and drain flow resistances are matched so that switching the flow from a nozzle to a corresponding drain flow path does not change the flow rate of etching liquid through other nozzles. A non-wafer-contacting measuring device measures a metal thickness on a rotating semiconductor wafer during metal wet etching by immersing a plurality of electrodes in etching liquid in close proximity to the wafer surface of the rotating wafer and determining electrical resistance between a plurality of electrodes.
摘要:
To make a metal feature, a non-plateable layer is applied to a workpiece surface and then patterned to form a first plating region and a first non-plating region. Then, metal is deposited on the workpiece to form a raised field region in said first plating region and a recessed region in said first non-plating region. Then, an accelerator film is applied globally on the workpiece. A portion of the accelerator film is selectively removed from the field region, and another portion of the accelerator film remains in the recessed acceleration region. Then, metal is deposited onto the workpiece, and the metal deposits at an accelerated rate in the acceleration region, resulting in a greater thickness of metal in the acceleration region compared to metal in the non-activated field region. Then, metal is completely removed from the field region, thereby forming the metal feature.
摘要:
To make a metal feature, a non-plateable layer is applied to a workpiece surface and then patterned to form a first plating region and a first non-plating region. Then, metal is deposited on the workpiece to form a raised field region in said first plating region and a recessed region in said first non-plating region. Then, an accelerator film is applied globally on the workpiece. A portion of the accelerator film is selectively removed from the field region, and another portion of the accelerator film remains in the recessed acceleration region. Then, metal is deposited onto the workpiece, and the metal deposits at an accelerated rate in the acceleration region, resulting in a greater thickness of metal in the acceleration region compared to metal in the non-activated field region. Then, metal is completely removed from the field region, thereby forming the metal feature.
摘要:
Controlled-potential electroplating provides an effective method of electroplating metals onto the surfaces of high aspect ratio recessed features of integrated circuit devices. Methods are provided to mitigate corrosion of a metal seed layer on recessed features due to contact of the seed layer with an electrolyte solution. The potential can also be controlled to provide conformal plating over the seed layer and bottom-up filling of the recessed features. For each of these processes, a constant cathodic voltage, pulsed cathodic voltage, or ramped cathodic voltage can be used. An apparatus for controlled-potential electroplating includes a reference electrode placed near the surface to be plated and at least one cathode sense lead to measure the potential at points on the circumference of the integrated circuit structure.
摘要:
A method for fabricating thin, flat carbon electrodes by infiltrating highly porous carbon papers, membranes, felts, metal fibers/powders, or fabrics with an appropriate carbon foam precursor material. The infiltrated carbon paper, for example, is then cured to form a gel-saturated carbon paper, which is subsequently dried and pyrolyzed to form a thin sheet of porous carbon. The material readily stays flat and flexible during curing and pyrolyzing to form thin sheets. Precursor materials include polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethylacrylonitrile (PMAN), resorcinol/formaldehyde, catechol/formaldehyde, phenol/formaldehyde, etc., or mixtures thereof. These thin films are ideal for use as high power and energy electrodes in batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells, and are potentially useful for capacitive deionization, filtration and catalysis.
摘要:
Fabrication of conductive solid porous carbon electrodes for use in batteries, double layer capacitors, fuel cells, capacitive dionization, and waste treatment. Electrodes fabricated from low surface area (
摘要:
In an electropolishing or electrolytic etching apparatus the anode is separated from the cathode to prevent bubble transport to the anode and to produce a uniform current distribution at the anode by means of a solid nonconducting anode-cathode barrier. The anode extends into the top of the barrier and the cathode is outside the barrier. A virtual cathode hole formed in the bottom of the barrier below the level of the cathode permits current flow while preventing bubble transport. The anode is rotatable and oriented horizontally facing down. An extended anode is formed by mounting the workpiece in a holder which extends the electropolishing or etching area beyond the edge of the workpiece to reduce edge effects at the workpiece. A reference electrode controls cell voltage. Endpoint detection and current shut-off stop polishing. Spatially uniform polishing or etching can be rapidly performed.
摘要:
In a word processing system that includes a printer for printing text material and a display screen for viewing portions of the display material, a graphical representation of a page of text is displayed for editing purposes, the graphical representation including a plurality of identically formed display elements each corresponding to one of the characters of the text.
摘要:
In a copper electroplating apparatus having separate anolyte and catholyte portions, the concentration of anolyte components (e.g., acid or copper salt) is controlled by providing a diluent to the recirculating anolyte. The dosing of the diluent can be controlled by the user and can follow a pre-determined schedule. For example, the schedule may specify the diluent dosing parameters, so as to prevent precipitation of copper salt in the anolyte. Thus, precipitation-induced anode passivation can be minimized.