摘要:
In a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, a dielectric layer structure and a control gate layer can be formed sequentially on a substrate. The control gate layer can be partially etched to form a plurality of control gates. A gate spacer and a sacrificial spacer sequentially can be stacked on a sidewall of the control gate and on a portion of the dielectric layer structure. The dielectric layer structure can be partially etched using the sacrificial spacer and the gate spacer as an etching mask to form a plurality of dielectric layer structure patterns. The sacrificial spacer can be removed. An insulating interlayer can be formed on the substrate to form an air gap. The insulating interlayer can cover the dielectric layer structure pattern, the gate spacer and the control gate. The air gap can extend between the adjacent gate spacers and between the adjacent dielectric layer structure patterns.
摘要:
Methods of fabricating phase change memory elements include forming an insulating layer on a semiconductor substrate, forming a through hole penetrating the insulating layer, forming a lower electrode in the through hole and forming a recess having a sidewall comprising a portion of the insulating layer by selectively etching a surface of the lower electrode relative to the insulating layer. A phase change memory layer is formed on the lower electrode. The phase change memory layer has a portion confined by the recess and surrounded by the insulating layer. An upper electrode is formed on the phase change memory layer. Phase change memory elements are also provided.
摘要:
Provided are keratin compositions useful in cell culture. In some embodiments the keratins are biocompatible, promote cell growth, promote cell adhesion and provide an excellent substrate for cell culture. Keratin compositions described herein may be used as coatings, gels, three-dimensional scaffolds, additives to cell culture media, microcarriers, etc. The keratin substrates may also be used to deliver cells, e.g., for cell therapy applications.
摘要:
A light emitting diode is disclosed having a vertical orientation with an ohmic contact on portions of a top surface of the diode and a mirror layer adjacent the light emitting region of the diode. The diode includes an opening in the mirror layer beneath the geometric projection of the top ohmic contact through the diode that defines a non-contact area between the mirror layer and the light emitting region of the diode to encourage current flow to take place other than at the non-contact area to in turn decrease the number of light emitting recombinations beneath the ohmic contact and increase the number of light emitting recombinations in the more transparent portions of the diode.
摘要:
A three-dimensional semiconductor device includes a vertical channel pattern on the substrate, a plurality of cell gate patterns and a select gate pattern stacked on the substrate along the sidewall of the vertical channel pattern, a charge storage pattern between the vertical channel pattern and the cell gate pattern and a select gate pattern between the vertical channel pattern and the select gate pattern. The select gate pattern has a different work function from the cell gate pattern.
摘要:
A FinFET includes a fin that is on a substrate and extends away from the substrate. A device isolation layer is disposed on the substrate on both sides of the fin. An insulating layer is between the fin and the substrate. The insulating layer is directly connected to the device isolation layer and has a different thickness than the device isolation layer. A gate electrode crosses over the fin. A gate insulating layer is between the gate electrode and the fin. Source and drain regions are on the fins and on opposite sides of the gate electrode. Related nonvolatile memory devices that include FinFETs and methods of making FinFETs and nonvolatile memory devices are also disclosed.
摘要:
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a system for determining characteristics of two rolls configured in a nip press includes a strip configured to be placed in the nip press. A plurality of sensors embedded in the strip is configured to generate signals representative of the pressure and/or the nip width between the two rolls. Interface circuitry facilitates addressing of individual ones of the plurality of sensors via a data processing system.
摘要:
Methods of carrying out a reactive extrusion processes are described that include combining at least one polymer, oligomer, or combination thereof, a carbon dioxide containing fluid, and at least one reactant in an extruder to form a mixture such that the carbon dioxide containing fluid comes into intimate contact with the at least one polymer, oligomer, or combination thereof and assists in a reaction between the at least one polymer, oligomer, or combination thereof and the at least one reactant, and wherein the at least one polymer, oligomer, or combination thereof is modified upon reaction with the at least one reactant.
摘要:
A bandwidth that is allocated to a transmitted waveform need not be contiguous in frequency space and a frequency content of the transmitted waveform may vary, as needed, even on a signaling interval by signaling interval basis, in order to accommodate a desired transfer rate, reduce or avoid interference and/or enhance an end user experience. According to embodiments of the invention, a set of frequencies that is used to provide frequency content to elements of a waveform alphabet, used to form the transmitted waveform, is varied thus varying a frequency content of the transmitted waveform. A time span associated with the elements of the waveform alphabet may also be varied. Various transmitter/receiver embodiments are disclosed including direct synthesis transmitter/receiver embodiments.
摘要:
Semiconductor light emitting devices include an aluminum nitride substrate, a light emitting diode on a face of the substrate and flexible silicone film that includes a silicone lens on the face of the substrate. The light emitting diode emits light through the silicone lens.