摘要:
An optically-active air-clad fiber (30) includes a core (34, 84) that facilitates doping with an ion optically excitable and having a three-level optical transition when pumped at a first end (28) of an optical cavity (46) by a multimode pump source (72) at a pump wavelength (64) for lasing at a signal wavelength (66) different than the pump wavelength (64) at a second end (29) of the optical cavity (46), the core (34, 84) having a refractive index, wherein the core (34, 84) is transformed from the first end to proximate the second end (29) thereof such that the optically-active fiber (30) is multimode at the pump wavelength proximate to the first end (28), and is single-mode at the signal wavelength proximate to the second end (29). An air-clad (36, 86) surrounds at least one portion of the core (34, 84) and has a lower effective refractive index than the refractive index of the core (34, 84).
摘要:
The present invention relates to a microstructured optical fiber including a photonic band gap-guided core; and at least one index-guided core. Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a microstructured optical fiber including a set of main cores; a microstructured region surrounding the set of main cores; and at least alignment core, the alignment cores having substantially different optical propagation properties than the main cores. The present invention also includes methods for coupling, monitoring, and locating discontinuities in the fibers of the present invention.
摘要:
A microstructured optical fiber is described. The microstructured optical fiber comprises an inner region and an outer region. The inner region includes an inner material and a plurality of holes formed in the inner material. The outer region surrounds the inner region, and includes an outer material. The softening point temperature of the inner material is greater than the softening point temperature of the outer material by at least about 50° C. Microstructured optical fiber preforms and methods for making the microstructured optical fibers are also described. The microstructured optical fiber may be made to have substantially undistorted holes in the inner region.
摘要:
An optical splice joint and splicing process are provided for joining an end portion of a microstructured optical fiber having a microstructure formed from an array of holes, and a conventional optical fiber. The optical splice joint is formed from a fused portion of opposing end portions of the microstructured optical fiber and optical fiber, wherein the microstructured optical fiber is surrounded by a jacket that is at least 1.6 times thicker along its radius than the microstructure, and has a tensile strength of at least 30 Kpsi with an optical loss of less than 0.30 dB, and relatively little shrinkage (i.e., about 30%) of the holes forming the microstructure. The splice joint is formed by aligning end portions of the microstructured optical fiber and the optical fiber, in a fusion splicer, and applying fusion heat to the fiber ends in a two step process with a low current arc that is offset with respect to the end of the microstructured optical fiber.
摘要:
Optical fiber structures having at least two cores, whether unitary or separable, may be fabricated by controlling the placement of the cores prior to final processing to make the multi-core fiber structure. When the fiber is to be separable, at least two performs are attached, and the attachment height between adjacent canes is controlled to allow separation to be realized (or attachment to be maintained there between) anywhere along the separable multi-core fiber. These canes are then drawn together to form a desired composite fiber, either or both ends of which may be separated to allow for individual manipulation of fiber ends. The separable multi-core fiber may be utilized to fabricate a dual-port or multi-port optical component in which an input and an output (or multiple input/output) fibers are attached to the component, and the exposed distal ends of the separable multi-core fiber are thereafter separated from one another (even after the entire device is assembled and packaged) to provide separated waveguides for pigtailing or splicing to input or output fibers (or other planar or micro-optic components).
摘要:
A steel railway wheel with reduced axial flange deflection and reduced, thermally-induced, residual-tensile stress in the wheel rim, has a clearly defined relationship among the plate angle, the maximum depth of curvature of the wheel plate segment, the location of the maximum depth of curvature, the wheel hub and the rim, which relationship is provided for plate segments both concave and convex with respect to the wheel outboard surface.
摘要:
A continuous extrusion process for the functionalization of polymers through reactive extrusion. The process uses a continuous extrusion reactor comprising at least two sequential, very closely-coupled, independently driven screw extruders having a total effective length to diameter ratio greater than 60 to 1 and as high as 112 to 1 and providing greatly extended reaction times for efficiently producing a grafted polymer having a high level of functionalization. Drying of the polymer feed is performed in the continuous extrusion reactor. Multiple injections of reactants may be provided. Shear modification of the molecular weight of the grafted polymer is performed in the continuous extrusion reactor after the functionalization reactions. A continuous extrusion reactor and a grafted polymer having a high level of functionalization are also disclosed.
摘要:
A dual position handle and cam stop assembly is provided which is adapted for limiting rotational movement of an associated valve sealing element such as a ball for a ball valve. However, the assembly is applicable to other types of valves such as butterfly and plug valves. The assembly comprises a cam disc and a valve handle having associated first and second handle stop and direction indicators. The indicators are disposed relative to the cam disc for engagement against the disc at first and second handle stop limit locations, respectively. The locations are selectively positionable by rotation of the cam disc while maintaining a constant relative angular spacing for limiting the rotational movement of the valve handle to the constant relative angular spacing. The cam disc has a cardioid-like contour about its peripheral wall for a constant angular displacement of the stop limit locations per a unit degree of cam rotation. The handle stop and direction indicators preferably comprise a symmetrical flat-faced cam follower.
摘要:
A ball valve is disclosed having an improved seat ring particularly adapted for sealing a ball member in an end-loaded or top-loaded valve body. The ball is mounted for selective rotation and limited axial movement in a valve body passageway. The seat rings are disposed on diametrically opposite sides of the ball about valve inlet and outlet openings. Frusto-conical disc springs interposed between each seat ring and an associated valve body shoulder urge the seat rings into engagement with the ball. A rigid reinforcing ring is disposed intermediate of the flexible seat ring for integral movement with the seat ring and for reinforcing the seat ring against collapse under pressure. The reinforcing ring is received in an annular channel about the periphery of the seat ring and preferably comprises a split metal ring in a stressed and expanded condition.
摘要:
A method of converting biological material into energy resources includes transmitting biological material to a pulsed electric field (PEF) station, and applying a PEF to the biological material within a treatment zone in the PEF station to generate treated biological material. The method also includes transmitting the treated biological material to a biogenerator, and processing the treated biological material in the biogenerator to produce an energy resource. A converter may carry out this process, and may include the PEF station and the biogenerator.