摘要:
An engine provided with a fuel injector for directly injecting fuel into a cylinder, a spark plug positioning a spark gap in a flight path of fuel injected from the fuel injector, and a cavity formed in a piston top face, wherein at the time of stratified combustion, the fuel injector injects substantially all of the fuel in a direction merging with a tumble flow, swirling in a longitudinal direction along the cavity at the compression stroke, along the swirl direction of the tumble flow and uses the spark plug to ignite the fuel while the fuel at the end period of injection is passing through the spark gap.
摘要:
The present invention is to provide a safe process for the production of tert-butyl N-(2-bromoethyl)carbamate where operation is simple, handling of the final product is easy, working efficiency is good and yield is high.A process for the production of tert-butyl N-(2-bromoethyl)carbamate, characterized in that, 2-bromoethylamine or a salt thereof is made to react with an agent for introducing a tert-butoxy carbonyl group in a water-soluble solvent in the presence of sodium hydroxide and then water as a crystallizing solvent and seed crystals are added to the reaction solution whereby crystals of tert-butyl N-(2-bromoethyl)carbamate are separated out therefrom.
摘要:
An integrated surface emitting laser and light amplifier element having a high power output, and a large variable wavelength includes a surface light emitting laser having an active layer between two reflection films facing each other and a light amplifier including an amplifying active layer for amplifying a laser beam produced by the surface light emitting laser. The surface light emitting laser and the light amplifier are integrated on the same substrate.
摘要:
A semiconductor laser device includes a combiner including a multi-mode interference wave-guide for connecting a laser unit with a light modulator of an output unit. The laser unit includes single wavelength semiconductor lasers, each laser producing a different wavelength. The lasers and the combiner are covered with and buried in a burying semiconductor layer having the same composition as that of current blocking structures in the laser unit
摘要:
A modulator and an integrated semiconductor modulator-laser device, in which the capacitance of the modulator is reduced to increase the cut-off frequency, and a manufacturing process for the device. A wire layer connecting a modulator electrode to a pad electrode is interposed between a first embedded layer of InP doped with Fe, extending from the modulator portion, between the insulating layer and the substrate. The wire layer has a capacitance smaller than when the first embedded layer is not beneath the insulating layer. The cut-off frequency of the modulator is increased, improving frequency characteristics. An integrated semiconductor modulator-laser device can include such a modulator.
摘要:
A semiconductor laser device and corresponding drive method use a single modulator to attain, across a wide wavelength range of, for example, 12 nm or greater, the same wavelength difference &Dgr;&lgr; between the oscillation wavelength of a distributed Feedback (DFB) laser diode and band gap wavelength, to attain a constant wavelength difference &Dgr;&lgr; between the band gap wavelength of an optical modulator and one of the oscillation wavelengths of DFB laser diodes or a variable wavelength single laser device. This laser device applies an offset bias to the optical modulator and controls the temperature of a semiconductor laser chip.
摘要:
A semiconductor laser device in which a semiconductor laser emitting laser light and a light modulator modulating the laser light are integrated on a compound semiconductor substrate, includes a hole trapping layer for suppressing a reactive current that is generated when the semiconductor laser is operated and that does not contribute to laser oscillation. The hole trapping layer has a first region in the semiconductor laser and a second region in the light modulator. The hole trapping layer has a high carrier concentration and a low resistance and is discontinuous between the semiconductor laser and the light modulator, so that isolation between the laser and the modulator is increased, whereby a high-frequency signal applied to the light modulator is prevented from flowing through the hole trapping layer into the laser. Therefore, even when long-distance transmission is carried out using the semiconductor laser device, deterioration of transmitted wave is suppressed, resulting in satisfactory transmission characteristics.
摘要:
A method of preparing a mixture of galactooligosaccharides having the following formula:Gal-(Gal)n-Glcwhere Gal represents a galactose residue, Glc represents a glucose residue, and n represents an integer between 1 and 4, and monosaccharides by having microorganisms containing .beta.-galactosidase or .beta.-galactosidase act on lactose, the method comprising:having glucose isomerase coexist in a liquid to be reacted or adding glucose isomerase after completion of the reaction, whereby a portion of glucose prepared by the .beta.-galactosidase processing is converted into fructose. Then, sweetener is prepared by separating monosaccharides from the mixture.
摘要:
A door opening and closing apparatus for a vehicle, includes a latch mechanism adapted so as to retain a vehicle door in a closed state relative to a vehicle body, an outside lever provided within a space formed inside of the vehicle door so as to be positioned closer to an interior of the vehicle and linked to an outside handle adapted to be rotatably supported by the vehicle door, a detection switch detecting an operation to the outside handle when the outside lever contacts the detection switch in response to an operation of the outside lever, and a release device releasing a retention of the vehicle door in the closed state by means of the latch mechanism by the release device actuating the latch mechanism when a rotational operation of the outside handle is detected by the detection switch while the vehicle door is in a locked state.
摘要:
A semiconductor optical integrated element includes: a substrate; and a laser diode and a modulator which are integrated on the substrate. The laser diode includes an embedded waveguide having a core layer, both sides of which are embedded in a semiconductor material. The modulator includes a high-mesa ridge waveguide having a core layer, neither side of which is embedded in the semiconductor material. The core layers in the laser diode and the modulator are stripe-shaped.