摘要:
A zero-delay clock generator has a phase-locked loop (PLL) that generates a feedback clock and receives a reference clocks. All clocks are differential and have a common-mode voltage. The common-mode voltage of an externally-generated reference clock can vary from the common-mode voltage of the internally-generated feedback clock. Differences in common-mode voltage of the reference clock and feedback clock cause delay variations resulting in static phase offsets of generated clocks. A common-mode sense and equalizer senses the common-mode voltages of the buffered reference and feedback clocks, and generates control voltages. The control voltages adjust the common-mode voltage and delay of differential buffers that receive the reference and feedback clocks. The control voltages adjust the differential buffers to match the common-mode voltages of the buffered reference and feedback clocks. The buffered clocks are then applied to a phase and frequency detector of the PLL.
摘要:
A pre-amplifier circuit can be cascaded and drive a latch for use in a precision analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The pre-amplifier has a main section and a feedback section connected by feedback resistors that do not produce voltage drops in the main section. Offset is stored on offset capacitors during an autozeroing phase and isolated by transmission gates during an amplifying phase. The offset capacitors drive the gates of feedback transistors that drive output nodes in the main section. Autozeroing sink transistors in the feedback section operate in the linear region while current sink transistors in the main section operate in the saturated region. Kickback-charge isolation transistors may be added for charge isolation. The output may also be equalized by an equalizing transmission gate. A very low power-supply voltage is supported even for high-speed operation with offset cancellation, due to the folded feedback resistor arrangement.
摘要:
An error amplifier can be used to control a power regulator transistor. The error amplifier has a main amplifier, a pull-up auxiliary amplifier, and a pull-down auxiliary amplifier that all drive an output. A compensating capacitor on the output sets a single dominant pole for all amplifiers, increasing stability. High slew rates are provided by increased slew current from the auxiliary amplifiers that turn on when the differential input has an absolute voltage difference larger than an intentional offset. The intentional offset is introduced into the auxiliary amplifiers by adjusting a p-channel to n-channel transistor ratio in a leg of the auxiliary amplifiers. A source degenerated resistor in the main amplifier reduces supply headroom and increases linearity by connecting sources of two differential transistors that receive the differential input. Cascode transistors increase gain and output impedance. Reliability is increased as no positive feedback is used in the amplifiers.
摘要:
A bridge rectifier operates on low A.C. input voltages such as received by a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) device. Voltage drops due to bridge diodes are avoided. Four p-channel transistors are arranged in a transistor bridge across the A.C. inputs to produce an internal power voltage. Another four diode-connected transistors form a start-up diode bridge that generates a comparator power voltage and a reference ground. The start-up diode bridge operates even during initial start-up before the comparator and boost drivers operate. A comparator receives the A.C. input and controls timing of voltage boost drivers that alternately drive gates of the four p-channel transistors in the transistor bridge with voltages boosted higher than the peak A.C. voltage. Substrates are connected to the power voltage on the power-voltage half of the bridge and to the A.C. inputs on the ground half of the bridge to fully shut off transistors, preventing reverse current flow.
摘要:
An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) has a Successive-Approximation-Register (SAR) driving a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that generates an analog voltage compared to an input voltage by a series of stages. The last stage feeds a compare signal to the SAR. Each stage has a dual-input differential amplifier that operates as a unity gain op amp during an auto-zeroing phase and as a high-speed low-gain amplifier during an amplifying phase. The dual-input differential amplifier has two pairs of differential inputs. A secondary pair has an offset-storing capacitor across it, and connects to the output pair through feedback switches during auto-zeroing. A primary pair connects to stage inputs through input switches during the amplifying phase. Since two pairs of differential inputs are provided to the dual-input differential amplifier, the offset capacitor is completely isolated from the input pair. The current sink in the dual-input differential amplifier is adjusted higher during the amplifying period.
摘要:
A cascaded sigma-delta modulator has several modulator loops that have one or two sets of integrators, summers, and scalers, and a quantizer that generates a loop output. Input muxes to each loop select either an overall input or the loop output from a prior loop, allowing the modulator loops to be cascaded in series or to operate separately. Filter-configuring muxes after each modulator loop select either that loop's output or a loop output from any prior loop, or a zero. Each filter-configuring mux drives an input to a modified CIC filter. The modified CIC filter has an initial delay stage that receives the first filter-configuring mux output, and successive integrator stages that each receives a successive filter-configuring mux output. The modified CIC filter is a combination of a digital transform filter and a Cascaded-Integrator-Comb (CIC) filter. Modulator loops are powered down for lower-performance configurations or cascaded together for higher-performance configurations.
摘要:
A calibrating Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) has an X-side array with binary-weighted capacitors that connect to an X-side line and a Y-side array connected to a Y-side line. Each array has binary-weighted capacitors from a most-significant-bit (MSB) to a least-significant-bit (LSB), but the LSB capacitor is duplicated as a termination capacitor and a middle capacitor between upper and lower groups is also duplicated as a surrogate capacitor. During calibration, lower array capacitors are switched low while the upper capacitors are driven by a thermometer-code value on both X and Y arrays. The thermometer value is inverted to the X-array but remains uninverted on the Y array. The lower array bits are tested to final a calibration value that has X and Y side voltages balanced.
摘要:
An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has a chopper-stabilized sigma-delta modulator (SDM). The SDM uses switched-capacitor integrators to sample, hold, and integrate an analog input in response to non-overlapping multi-phase clocks. Chopper multipliers are inserted on the inputs and outputs of an op amp in a first stage integrator. The chopper multipliers swap or pass through differential inputs in response to non-overlapping chopper clocks. A master clock operating at a frequency of the multi-phase clocks is divided down to trigger generation of the chopper clocks. Delay lines ensure that the edges of the chopper clocks occur before the edges of the multi-phase clocks. The chopper multipliers have already switched and are thus stable when multi-phase clocks change so charge injection at switches controlled by the multi-phase clocks is not immediately modulated by chopper multipliers. This clock timing increases the time available to respond to charge injection at switches improving linearity.
摘要:
A charge/discharge protection circuit protects a battery from inadvertent shorting on a charger node that can connect to a charger or to a power supply of a portable electronic device. A single n-channel power transistor has a gate that controls a channel between the battery and the charger node. The gate is connected to the charger node by a gate-coupling transistor to turn off the power transistor, providing battery isolation. The gate is driven by a voltage-boosted clock through a switch activated by an enable signal. The enable signal also activates a grounding transistor to ground a gate of the gate-coupling transistor. A comparator compares voltages of the charger and battery nodes, and the compare output is latched to generate the enable signal. An inverse enable signal activates a second switch that drives the voltage-boosted clock to the gate of the gate-coupling transistor to turn off the power transistor.
摘要:
A charge/discharge protection circuit protects a battery from inadvertent shorting on a charger node that can connect to a charger or to a power supply of a portable electronic device. A single n-channel power transistor has a gate that controls a channel between the battery and the charger node. The gate is connected to the charger node by a gate-coupling transistor to turn off the power transistor, providing battery isolation. The gate is driven by a voltage-boosted clock through a switch activated by an enable signal. The enable signal also activates a grounding transistor to ground a gate of the gate-coupling transistor. A comparator compares voltages of the charger and battery nodes, and the compare output is latched to generate the enable signal. An inverse enable signal activates a second switch that drives the voltage-boosted clock to the gate of the gate-coupling transistor to turn off the power transistor.