摘要:
A micro-emulsion and a method of making the micro-emulsion are described. The micro-emulsion composition includes a hydrocarbon component and an ionic liquid component. The hydrocarbon component comprises a hydrocarbon, and the ionic liquid component comprises an ionic liquid. The ionic liquid comprises a halometallate anion and a cation. The ionic liquid is present in an amount of about 0.05 wt% to about 40 wt% of the micro-emulsion. The micro-emulsion can optionally include a surfactant, and a catalyst promoter. The co-solvent has a polarity greater than the polarity of the hydrocarbon.
摘要:
Aromatic compounds can be alkylated using, as the catalyst for such a reaction, a supported ionic liquid composition that comprisies an ionic liquid, which consists essentially of an organic base and a metal halide, and a support, which may be a macroporous polymer or a metal oxide, such as silica.
摘要:
Battery has an electrolyte comprising a solvent and a salt (I) comprising a hydroxonium, nitrosonium, ammonium, metal, organic or organometallic cation and a 5-membered (hetero)cyclic anion. Battery has an electrolyte comprising a solvent and a salt (I) comprising a hydroxonium, nitrosonium, ammonium, metal, organic or organometallic cation and a 5-membered (hetero)cyclic anion with the following formula: [Image] X1-X5-N=, -N->-, -C(Y)=, -C->(Y)-, -S(O)(Q)=, -S(Q)= or -P(Q')(Q)=, provided that no more than four comprise N, no more than two comprise S (nonadjacent) and no more than one comprises P; Q', Q : 1-8C perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkenyl or optionally substituted 6-12C aryl or aralkyl, each optionally containing O, S or N heteroatoms; Q : an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, alkenylaryl, alicyclic or heterocyclic group optionally substituted with halogen and/or ether, thioether, amine, imine, amide, carboxy, carbonyl, isocyanate, isothiocyanate and hydroxy groups; an aromatic group with ring(s) and/or substituent(s) containing heteroatoms; a polymeric group; or a group having one or more cationic and/or anionic ionophore groups; Y : H, F, Cl, Br, CN, SCN, NCS, NCO, NO2, perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkoxy, perfluoroalkylmethyl, tetrafluoroethoxy, SCF3, perfluoroalkylthio, tetrafluoroethylthio, trifluorovinyloxy, trifluorovinylthio, SO2F, SO2Q, COOQ, Q-N-SO2- (sic) or COQ; a group comprising one or more aromatic rings that optionally contain N, O, S or P and are optionally substituted with halogen, CN, CO2, SCN, N3, trifluorovinyloxy, (1-12C perfluoroalkyl)methyl, fluoroalkoxy, fluoroalkylthioxy, alkyl, alkenyl, oxaalkyl, oxaalkenyl, azaalkyl, azaalkenyl, thiaalkyl, thiaalkenyl, polymeric groups and groups having one or more cationic and/or anionic ionophore groups; alternatively, two of Y, Q, Q' and Q can form a 4- to 8-membered ring, or one of Y and Q is a multivalent group attached to a second 5-membered (hetero)cyclic anion, or one of Y and Q is a repeat unit of a polymer; provided that at least one Y or Q comprises a dissociating dipole.
摘要:
Disclosed is a proton conductor in liquid form, comprised of a mixture of the following components: (a) a salt combined with a nitrogenated base along with an acid, according to formula (I), wherein Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4, whether identical or different, represent a group -N= or -C(Zi)=, wherein Zi represents a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl radical with from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a fluoroalkyl radical with from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an oxoalkyl or azaalkyl radical with from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, as long as at least one and at most two of the groups Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 represent -N=; two adjacent carbon atoms are possibly hydrogenated; the nitrogenated base possibly forms part of a polymeric matrix; and X represents an anion derivative of an acid selected from the group formed by the sulphonic acids of the formula R 3 F 2 F 2 F 2 F 2 2 F 2 F 2 F 2 F F F 2 n 1 2 3 4
摘要翻译:公开了液体形式的质子导体,其由以下组分的混合物组成:(a)根据式(I)的与氮化合的碱与盐结合的盐,其中Z1,Z2,Z3和Z4, 无论相同或不同,表示基团-N =或-C(Zi)=,其中Zi表示氢原子,具有1至20个碳原子的直链或支链烷基,具有1至20个碳原子的氟代烷基 ,或具有1至20个碳原子的氧代烷基或氮杂烷基,只要基团Z1,Z2,Z3和Z4中的至少一个和至多两个表示-N =; 两个相邻的碳原子可能被氢化; 氮化碱可能形成聚合物基体的一部分; 并且X 1表示酸式的阴离子衍生物,其选自由式R fSO 3,H的磺酸形成的基团,式(R 1 F F 2 <)(R'> F 2 <)CH> 2或者R“F 2 < (R“> F 2 <)(R”> F 2 <)CH,其中R“F”,R“> F”或“独立地表示基团F(CF> 2 n < - ,n包含在0和6之间,而酸可能形成聚合物基体的一部分; 和(b)根据式(II)的氮化碱,其中Z> 1,Z 2,Z 3和Z 4具有上述含义,并且氮化碱可能是 聚合物基质。 组分(a)和(b)以允许形成熔点小于25℃的组合物的比例存在。本发明公开的质子导体可用作液体,凝胶或聚合物电解质 在各种电化学系统中。
摘要:
Catalysts that include at least one catalytically active element and one helper catalyst are disclosed. The catalysts may be used to increase the rate, modify the selectivity or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. These catalysts may be useful for a variety of chemical reactions including, in particular, the electrochemical conversion of CO 2 . Chemical processes and devices using the catalysts are also disclosed, including processes to produce CO, OH - , HCO - , H 2 CO, (HC02) - , H 2 C02, CH 3 OH, CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , CH 3 CH 2 OH, CH 3 COO, CH 3 COOH, C 2 H 6 , O 2 , H 2 , (COOH) 2 , or (COO - ) 2 , and a specific device, namely, a CO 2 sensor.
摘要:
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Bis(perfluoralkyl)phosphinsäuren umfassend zumindest die Umsetzung wenigstens eines Difluortris(perfluoralkyl)phosphorans oder wenigstens eines Trifluorbis(perfluoralkyl)phosphorans mit Fluorwasserstoff in einem geeigneten Reaktionsmedium und das Erhitzen des so erhaltenen Reaktionsgemisches. Die Erfindung betrifft auch Salze der Bis(perfluoraklyl)phosphinsäuren sowie deren Verwendung.
摘要:
A process for preparing an ionic liquid or salt, preferably in which the cation comprises an N-alkylated base and the anion is a carboxylate, formed by reaction between an organic base and an alkylating agent, wherein the alkylating agent is a fluorinated ester or an alkyl sulfonate, is described. Suitable organic bases include imizadoles, substituted imidazoles, pyridines and substituted pyridines. The so-formed products can be subsequently transformed into different ionic liquids or salts by metathesis.
摘要:
The invention is related to ionic compounds, derivatives of malononitrile, in which the anionic load has been displaced. An ionic compound disclosed by the invention includes an anionic portion combined with at least one cationic portion M in sufficient numbers to ensure overall electronic neutrality; the compound is further comprised of M as a hydroxonium, a nitrosonium NO , an ammonium -NH4 , a metallic cation with the valence m, an organic cation with the valence m, or an organometallic cation with the valence m. The anionic portion corresponds to one of the formulas RD-Y-C(C=N)2 or Z-C(C=N)2 , wherein Z is an electroattractive group, RD is an organic radical, and Y is a carbonyl, a thiocarbonyl, a sulphonyl, a sulphinyl, or a phosphonyl. The compounds can be used notably for ionic conducting materials, electronic conducting materials, colorants, and the catalysis of various chemical reactions.
摘要:
The invention relates to ionic compounds in which the anionic load has been delocalized. A compound disclosed by the invention is comprised of an amide or one of its salts, including an anionic portion combined with at least one cationic portion M in sufficient numbers to ensure overall electronic neutrality; the compound is further comprised of M as a hydroxonium, a nitrosonium NO , an ammonium -NH4 , a metallic cation with the valence m, an organic cation with the valence m, or an organometallic cation with the valence m. The anionic portion matches the formula Rf-SOx-N Z, wherein Rf is a perfluorinated group, x is 1 or 2, and Z is an electroattractive substituent. The compounds can be used notably for ionic conducting materials, electronic conducting materials, colorants, and the catalysis of various chemical reactions.
摘要:
The present disclosure provides an ionic fluid pre-cursor being a reaction product of at least one compound of formula (I) and at least one hydrogen donor and having a softening point less than the melting point or softening point of said compound of formula (I) M x A y.z H 2 O The present disclosure also provides a process for preparing the ionic fluid pre-cursor. The present disclosure further provides an ionic fluid and a process for preparing the same.