公开(公告)号：US20100298133A1

公开(公告)日：2010-11-25

申请号：US12810232

申请日：2008-12-25

申请人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

发明人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

IPC分类号： B01J23/02

CPC分类号： C04B35/195 ,  B01J8/06 ,  B01J21/10 ,  B01J21/16 ,  B01J23/005 ,  B01J23/007 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/78 ,  B01J35/006 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/0018 ,  C01B3/16 ,  C01B3/40 ,  C01B3/583 ,  C01B3/586 ,  C01B2203/044 ,  C01B2203/0445 ,  C01B2203/047 ,  C04B35/443 ,  C04B38/0006 ,  C04B2111/00793 ,  C04B2111/0081 ,  C04B2235/3218 ,  C04B2235/322 ,  C04B2235/349 ,  C04B2235/5409 ,  C04B2235/6021 ,  C04B2235/95 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  C04B38/0054 ,  C04B38/0074

摘要： The present invention aims at providing a porous molded product comprising magnesium and aluminum which is satisfactory in both of a specific surface area and mechanical properties, can be suitably used as filters, drying agents, adsorbents, purifying agents, deodorants, carriers for catalysts, etc., includes a large amount of micropores, and has a large specific surface area and a high strength, as well as a process for producing the porous molded product. The porous molded product of the present invention comprises at least magnesium and aluminum, and having a magnesium content of 10 to 50% by weight in terms of a magnesium atom, an aluminum content of 5 to 35% by weight in terms of an aluminum atom, a pore volume of 0.01 to 0.5 cm3/g, an average pore diameter of not more than 300 Å and an average collapse strength of not less than 3 kg, and can be produced by molding hydrotalcite comprising at least magnesium and aluminum and then calcining the resulting molded product at a temperature of 500 to 1500° C.

摘要翻译： 本发明的目的在于提供包含比表面积和机械性能均令人满意的镁和铝的多孔模制产品，可适用于过滤器，干燥剂，吸附剂，净化剂，除臭剂，催化剂载体等 包含大量的微孔，并且具有大的比表面积和高的强度，以及制造多孔成型体的方法。 本发明的多孔成型体至少包含镁和铝，镁含量以镁原子计为10〜50重量％，铝含量为5〜35重量％ ，孔体积为0.01〜0.5cm 3 / g，平均孔径为300以下，平均塌陷强度为3kg以上，并且可以通过模制至少包含镁和铝的水滑石，然后煅烧 所得模塑产品在500至1500℃的温度下

公开(公告)号：US20070281203A1

公开(公告)日：2007-12-06

申请号：US11797499

申请日：2007-05-03

申请人： Naoya Kobayashi ,  Shinji Takahashi

发明人： Naoya Kobayashi ,  Shinji Takahashi

IPC分类号： H01M4/00 ,  C07C27/06

CPC分类号： C01B3/40 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/72 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/78 ,  B01J23/80 ,  B01J23/892 ,  B01J29/084 ,  B01J29/126 ,  B01J35/0006 ,  B01J35/08 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/0221 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J37/08 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/066 ,  C01B2203/1041 ,  C01B2203/1047 ,  C01B2203/1052 ,  C01B2203/1058 ,  C01B2203/1064 ,  C01B2203/107 ,  C01B2203/1076 ,  C01B2203/1082 ,  C01B2203/1241 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  B01J2523/17 ,  B01J2523/27 ,  B01J2523/31 ,  B01J2523/12 ,  B01J2523/22 ,  B01J2523/847

摘要： The present invention relates to a catalyst for removing a metal carbonyl which comprises a nickel-containing catalyst component and copper, said copper being present in an amount of 0.001 to 250% by weight in terms of metallic copper on the basis of a weight of the nickel contained in the catalyst component. The catalyst may further contain, if required, zinc oxide, a clay mineral, or a clay mineral supporting at least one element having an average particle diameter of not more than 50 nm which is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, gold, silver, palladium, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, zinc, vanadium and manganese. When using the catalyst, it is possible to produce a mixed reformed gas from hydrocarbons, and remove a metal carbonyl in a reforming reaction field.

摘要翻译： 本发明涉及一种用于除去含有镍的催化剂组分和铜的金属羰基的催化剂，所述铜以金属铜计为0.001-250重量％，其量为 包含在催化剂组分中的镍。 如果需要，催化剂还可以含有氧化锌，粘土矿物或支持至少一种平均粒径不超过50nm的元素的粘土矿物，其选自钌，铑，铱， 铂，金，银，钯，镍，钴，铜，铁，锌，钒和锰。 当使用催化剂时，可以从烃中产生混合的重整气体，并在重整反应场中除去金属羰基。

公开(公告)号：US08268289B2

公开(公告)日：2012-09-18

申请号：US12668714

申请日：2008-07-18

申请人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

发明人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

IPC分类号： C01B3/26 ,  B01J23/00 ,  B01J21/00

CPC分类号： B01J35/006 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/007 ,  B01J23/892 ,  B01J23/8946 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J2523/22 ,  B01J2523/31 ,  B01J2523/821 ,  B01J2523/845 ,  B01J2523/847 ,  C01B3/40 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/1041 ,  C01B2203/1052 ,  C01B2203/1058 ,  C01B2203/1064 ,  C01B2203/1235 ,  H01M8/0612 ,  H01M8/0618 ,  H01M2250/20 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  Y02T90/32

摘要： The present invention relates to a catalyst for decomposing hydrocarbons including hydrocarbons having 2 or more carbon atoms, comprising magnesium, aluminum, nickel and cobalt as constitutional elements, and further comprising ruthenium and/or palladium, wherein the metallic ruthenium and/or metallic palladium in the form of fine particles have an average particle diameter of 0.5 to 20 nm, and a content of the metallic ruthenium and/or metallic palladium is 0.05 to 5.0% by weight based on the weight of the catalyst. The catalyst of the present invention is capable of efficiently decomposing hydrocarbons including hydrocarbons having 2 or more carbon atoms (C2 or more hydrocarbons), is less expensive, and exhibits an excellent catalytic activity for decomposition and removal of hydrocarbons, in particular, an excellent capability of decomposing propane, and an excellent anti-coking property.

摘要翻译： 本发明涉及用于分解碳氢化合物的催化剂，包括含有2个或更多个碳原子的烃，包括镁，铝，镍和钴作为构成元素，并且还包含钌和/或钯，其中金属钌和/或金属钯在 细颗粒的形式的平均粒径为0.5〜20nm，金属钌和/或金属钯的含量相对于催化剂的重量为0.05〜5.0重量％。 本发明的催化剂能够有效地分解碳原子数为2以上的烃（C2以上的烃）的碳氢化合物成本较低，对烃的分解除去具有优异的催化活性，特别是优异的能力 的丙烷分解，优异的抗焦化性能。

公开(公告)号：US20120201733A1

公开(公告)日：2012-08-09

申请号：US13395213

申请日：2010-09-08

申请人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi ,  Yurie Hisayuku

发明人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi ,  Yurie Hisayuku

IPC分类号： B01D53/00 ,  B01J37/16 ,  H01M8/06 ,  B01J21/02 ,  B82Y40/00 ,  B82Y30/00

CPC分类号： H01M8/0618 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J23/007 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/78 ,  B01J29/049 ,  B01J35/0006 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J37/0036 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/0207 ,  B01J37/04 ,  C01B3/40 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/0244 ,  C01B2203/0261 ,  C01B2203/066 ,  C01B2203/1058 ,  C01B2203/1064 ,  C01B2203/1082 ,  C01B2203/1604 ,  C01B2203/1609 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  Y02P70/56

摘要： The present invention relates to a porous catalyst body for decomposing hydrocarbons, comprising a porous composite oxide comprising at least magnesium and/or calcium, and aluminum, and metallic nickel having a particle diameter of 1 to 25 nm, wherein the porous catalyst body has an average crushing strength of not less than 5 kgf and a displacement length of not less than 0.05 mm as measured by compressing the porous catalyst body under a load of 5 kgf. The porous catalyst body for decomposing hydrocarbons according to the present invention is less expensive, and has an excellent catalytic activity for decomposition and removal of hydrocarbons, an excellent anti-sulfur poisoning property, a high anti-coking property even under a low-steam condition, a crushing strength and a displacement length which are optimum for DSS operation, and an excellent durability.

摘要翻译： 本发明涉及一种用于分解烃的多孔催化剂体，其包含至少包含镁和/或钙的多孔复合氧化物和铝，以及具有1至25nm的粒径的金属镍，其中多孔催化剂体具有 平均抗碎强度不小于5kgf，通过在5kgf的载荷下压缩多孔催化剂体而测定的位移长度不小于0.05mm。 本发明的分解碳氢化合物的多孔催化剂体较不贵，对烃的分解除去具有优异的催化活性，即使在低蒸汽条件下也具有优异的抗硫中毒性，高的抗焦化性 ，破碎强度和位移长度，对于DSS操作是最佳的，并且具有优异的耐久性。

公开(公告)号：US20100254892A1

公开(公告)日：2010-10-07

申请号：US12668714

申请日：2008-07-18

申请人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

发明人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

IPC分类号： C01B3/26 ,  H01M4/94 ,  B01J23/89

CPC分类号： B01J35/006 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/007 ,  B01J23/892 ,  B01J23/8946 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J2523/22 ,  B01J2523/31 ,  B01J2523/821 ,  B01J2523/845 ,  B01J2523/847 ,  C01B3/40 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/1041 ,  C01B2203/1052 ,  C01B2203/1058 ,  C01B2203/1064 ,  C01B2203/1235 ,  H01M8/0612 ,  H01M8/0618 ,  H01M2250/20 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  Y02T90/32

摘要： The present invention relates to a catalyst for decomposing hydrocarbons including hydrocarbons having 2 or more carbon atoms, comprising magnesium, aluminum, nickel and cobalt as constitutional elements, and further comprising ruthenium and/or palladium, wherein the metallic ruthenium and/or metallic palladium in the form of fine particles have an average particle diameter of 0.5 to 20 nm, and a content of the metallic ruthenium and/or metallic palladium is 0.05 to 5.0% by weight based on the weight of the catalyst. The catalyst of the present invention is capable of efficiently decomposing hydrocarbons including hydrocarbons having 2 or more carbon atoms (C2 or more hydrocarbons), is less expensive, and exhibits an excellent catalytic activity for decomposition and removal of hydrocarbons, in particular, an excellent capability of decomposing propane, and an excellent anti-coking property.

摘要翻译： 本发明涉及用于分解碳氢化合物的催化剂，包括含有2个或更多个碳原子的烃，包括镁，铝，镍和钴作为构成元素，并且还包含钌和/或钯，其中金属钌和/或金属钯在 细颗粒的形式的平均粒径为0.5〜20nm，金属钌和/或金属钯的含量相对于催化剂的重量为0.05〜5.0重量％。 本发明的催化剂能够有效地分解碳原子数为2以上的烃（C2以上的烃）的碳氢化合物成本较低，对烃的分解除去具有优异的催化活性，特别是优异的能力 的丙烷分解，优异的抗焦化性能。

公开(公告)号：US09388082B2

公开(公告)日：2016-07-12

申请号：US12810232

申请日：2008-12-25

申请人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

发明人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

IPC分类号： C08F4/02 ,  C04B35/195 ,  B01J8/06 ,  B01J21/10 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/78 ,  B01J35/00 ,  B01J35/10 ,  B01J37/00 ,  C01B3/16 ,  C01B3/40 ,  C01B3/58 ,  C04B35/443 ,  C04B38/00 ,  B01J21/16 ,  B01J23/00 ,  C04B111/00

CPC分类号： C04B35/195 ,  B01J8/06 ,  B01J21/10 ,  B01J21/16 ,  B01J23/005 ,  B01J23/007 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/78 ,  B01J35/006 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/0018 ,  C01B3/16 ,  C01B3/40 ,  C01B3/583 ,  C01B3/586 ,  C01B2203/044 ,  C01B2203/0445 ,  C01B2203/047 ,  C04B35/443 ,  C04B38/0006 ,  C04B2111/00793 ,  C04B2111/0081 ,  C04B2235/3218 ,  C04B2235/322 ,  C04B2235/349 ,  C04B2235/5409 ,  C04B2235/6021 ,  C04B2235/95 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  C04B38/0054 ,  C04B38/0074

摘要： The present invention aims at providing a porous molded product comprising magnesium and aluminum which is satisfactory in both of a specific surface area and mechanical properties, can be suitably used as filters, drying agents, adsorbents, purifying agents, deodorants, carriers for catalysts, etc., includes a large amount of micropores, and has a large specific surface area and a high strength, as well as a process for producing the porous molded product. The porous molded product of the present invention comprises at least magnesium and aluminum, and having a magnesium content of 10 to 50% by weight in terms of a magnesium atom, an aluminum content of 5 to 35% by weight in terms of an aluminum atom, a pore volume of 0.01 to 0.5 cm3/g, an average pore diameter of not more than 300 Å and an average collapse strength of not less than 3 kg, and can be produced by molding hydrotalcite comprising at least magnesium and aluminum and then calcining the resulting molded product at a temperature of 500 to 1500° C.

摘要翻译： 本发明的目的在于提供包含比表面积和机械性能均令人满意的镁和铝的多孔模制产品，可适用于过滤器，干燥剂，吸附剂，净化剂，除臭剂，催化剂载体等 包含大量的微孔，并且具有大的比表面积和高的强度，以及制造多孔成型体的方法。 本发明的多孔成型体至少包含镁和铝，镁含量以镁原子计为10〜50重量％，铝含量为5〜35重量％ ，孔体积为0.01〜0.5cm 3 / g，平均孔径为300以下，平均塌陷强度为3kg以上，并且可以通过模制至少包含镁和铝的水滑石，然后煅烧 所得模塑产品在500至1500℃的温度下

公开(公告)号：US08304367B2

公开(公告)日：2012-11-06

申请号：US12874505

申请日：2010-09-02

申请人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

发明人： Shinji Takahashi ,  Naoya Kobayashi

IPC分类号： B01J23/00 ,  B01J21/00

CPC分类号： B01J23/8946 ,  B01J21/005 ,  B01J23/007 ,  B01J23/78 ,  B01J35/006 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/0018 ,  B01J37/031 ,  B01J37/08 ,  B01J37/18 ,  C01B3/26 ,  C01B3/40 ,  C01B2203/0277 ,  C01B2203/066 ,  C01B2203/1047 ,  C01B2203/1058 ,  C01B2203/1064 ,  C01B2203/107 ,  C01B2203/1076 ,  C01B2203/1094 ,  H01M8/0612 ,  H01M8/0637 ,  H01M10/0569 ,  Y02E60/50 ,  Y02E60/566 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  Y02P70/56 ,  Y10S502/524

摘要： The present invention aims at providing a catalyst as a porous catalyst body for decomposing hydrocarbons which comprises at least magnesium, aluminum and nickel, wherein the catalyst has an excellent catalytic activity for decomposition and removal of hydrocarbons, an excellent anti-sulfur poisoning property, an excellent anti-coking property even under a low-steam condition, a sufficient strength capable of withstanding crushing and breakage even when coking occurs within the catalyst, and an excellent durability. The above aim of the present invention can be achieved by a porous catalyst body for decomposing hydrocarbons which comprises at least magnesium, aluminum and nickel in such a manner that the magnesium and aluminum are present in the form of a composite oxide of magnesium and aluminum, and the nickel is present in the form of metallic nickel; and which porous catalyst body has a magnesium element content of 10 to 50% by weight, an aluminum element content of 5 to 35% by weight and a nickel element content of 0.1 to 30% by weight, a pore volume of 0.01 to 0.5 cm3/g, an average pore diameter of not more than 300 Å and an average crushing strength of not less than 3 kgf.

摘要翻译： 本发明的目的在于提供一种用于分解至少包含镁，铝和镍的烃的多孔催化剂体的催化剂，其中催化剂具有优异的用于分解和除去烃的催化活性，优异的抗硫中毒性， 即使在低蒸汽条件下也具有优异的抗焦化性能，即使在催化剂内发生焦化时也能承受破碎破裂的足够的强度，并具有优异的耐久性。 本发明的上述目的可以通过一种用于分解至少包含镁，铝和镍的烃的多孔催化剂体，使得镁和铝以镁和铝的复合氧化物的形式存在， 镍以金属镍的形式存在; 该多孔催化剂体的镁元素含量为10〜50重量％，铝元素含量为5〜35重量％，镍元素含量为0.1〜30重量％，孔体积为0.01〜0.5cm 3 平均孔径不大于300，平均抗碎强度不小于3kgf。

公开(公告)号：US20070036713A1

公开(公告)日：2007-02-15

申请号：US11501233

申请日：2006-08-09

申请人： Naoya Kobayashi ,  Shinji Takahashi

发明人： Naoya Kobayashi ,  Shinji Takahashi

IPC分类号： B01J21/00

CPC分类号： C01B3/26 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/78 ,  B01J23/8892 ,  B01J23/892 ,  B01J23/8926 ,  B01J23/898 ,  B01J35/0013 ,  B01J35/006 ,  B01J35/023 ,  B01J35/06 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J37/0221 ,  B01J37/03 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/0277 ,  C01B2203/1041 ,  C01B2203/1058 ,  C01B2203/1082 ,  C10G11/02 ,  C10G11/04 ,  C10G2300/807 ,  H01M8/00

摘要： A hydrocarbon-decomposing catalyst composed of magnesium, aluminum and nickel as constitutional elements, containing 0.001 to 20% silicon and 0.1 to 40% nickel based on the weight of the catalyst. Also included is a hydrocarbon-decomposing catalyst with a porous carrier and a catalytically active metal in the form of fine metallic nickel particles carried on the carrier. The porous carrier contains magnesium and aluminum as constitutional elements and contains silicon in an amount of 0.001 to 20%. The catalysts are used to decompose hydrocarbons.

摘要翻译： 由镁，铝和镍组成的烃分解催化剂作为结构元素，其含有基于催化剂重量的0.001至20％的硅和0.1至40％的镍。 还包括具有多孔载体的烃分解催化剂和承载在载体上的细金属镍颗粒形式的催化活性金属。 多孔载体含有镁和铝作为构成元素，含有0.001至20％的硅。 催化剂用于分解碳氢化合物。

公开(公告)号：US20100133475A1

公开(公告)日：2010-06-03

申请号：US12656351

申请日：2010-01-27

申请人： Naoya Kobayashi ,  Shinji Takahashi

发明人： Naoya Kobayashi ,  Shinji Takahashi

IPC分类号： C01B3/38

CPC分类号： C01B3/40 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/72 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/78 ,  B01J23/80 ,  B01J23/892 ,  B01J29/084 ,  B01J29/126 ,  B01J35/0006 ,  B01J35/08 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/0221 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J37/08 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/066 ,  C01B2203/1041 ,  C01B2203/1047 ,  C01B2203/1052 ,  C01B2203/1058 ,  C01B2203/1064 ,  C01B2203/107 ,  C01B2203/1076 ,  C01B2203/1082 ,  C01B2203/1241 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  B01J2523/17 ,  B01J2523/27 ,  B01J2523/31 ,  B01J2523/12 ,  B01J2523/22 ,  B01J2523/847

摘要： The present invention relates to a catalyst for removing a metal carbonyl which comprises a nickel-containing catalyst component and copper, said copper being present in an amount of 0.001 to 250% by weight in terms of metallic copper on the basis of a weight of the nickel contained in the catalyst component. The catalyst may further contain, if required, zinc oxide, a clay mineral, or a clay mineral supporting at least one element having an average particle diameter of not more than 50 nm which is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, gold, silver, palladium, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, zinc, vanadium and manganese. When using the catalyst, it is possible to produce a mixed reformed gas from hydrocarbons, and remove a metal carbonyl in a reforming reaction field.

摘要翻译： 本发明涉及一种用于除去含有镍的催化剂组分和铜的金属羰基的催化剂，所述铜以金属铜计为0.001-250重量％，其量为 包含在催化剂组分中的镍。 如果需要，催化剂还可以含有氧化锌，粘土矿物或支持至少一种平均粒径不超过50nm的元素的粘土矿物，其选自钌，铑，铱， 铂，金，银，钯，镍，钴，铜，铁，锌，钒和锰。 当使用催化剂时，可以从烃中产生混合的重整气体，并在重整反应场中除去金属羰基。

公开(公告)号：US07196036B2

公开(公告)日：2007-03-27

申请号：US10783021

申请日：2004-02-23

申请人： Naoya Kobayashi ,  Shinji Takahashi

发明人： Naoya Kobayashi ,  Shinji Takahashi

IPC分类号： B01J23/02 ,  B01J23/06

CPC分类号： B01J35/023 ,  B01J23/007 ,  B01J23/78 ,  B01J35/0006 ,  B01J35/006 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J37/088 ,  C01B3/40 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/1041 ,  C01B2203/1052 ,  C01B2203/1082 ,  C01B2203/1241 ,  Y02P20/52

摘要： A catalyst for decomposition of hydrocarbons, comprises porous oxide particles containing magnesium and aluminum, and fine metallic nickel particles which are present in the vicinity of surface of the respective porous oxide particles, and have an average particle diameter of 1 to 10 nm, said catalyst having a nickel content of 0.15 to 12% by weight based on the weight of the catalyst and a molar ratio of nickel to a sum of magnesium, nickel and aluminum of 0.001 to 0.12 in which a molar ratio of magnesium to aluminum (Mg:Al) is 4:1 to 1.5:1. The catalyst for decomposition of hydrocarbons, is capable of maintaining as small a particle size of metallic nickel particles as not more than 10 nm at a considerably reduced nickel content, and exhibits an excellent anti-coking property even under a low steam atmosphere.

摘要翻译： 用于烃分解的催化剂包括含有镁和铝的多孔氧化物颗粒和存在于各个多孔氧化物颗粒表面附近的平均粒径为1至10nm的细金属镍颗粒，所述催化剂 镍的含量相对于催化剂的重量为0.15〜12重量％，镍与镁，镍和铝的摩尔比为0.001〜0.12，其中镁与铝的摩尔比（Mg：Al ）为4:1至1.5:1。 用于烃分解的催化剂能够以显着降低的镍含量将金属镍颗粒的粒径保持为不大于10nm，即使在低蒸气气氛下也显示出优异的抗焦化性。