摘要:
In a process for polishing the chamfered peripheral part of a wafer using a polishing cloth while supplying a polishing slurry in order to improve productivity of the process by reducing a polishing time, at least two steps of polishing processes are performed in sequence. The process comprises a first polishing process to polish a particular part, e.g. the part corresponding to the {110} plane of a peripheral part of the wafer and a second polishing process in which the whole part of a peripheral part of the wafer is polished for finishing by means of varying a hardness of the polishing clothes and/or a particle size of abrasives in the slurry such as the hardness of the polishing cloth in the second polishing process being softer than that of in the first polishing process and a particle size of abrasives in the slurry in the second polishing process being finer than that of in the first polishing process.
摘要:
The internal combustion engine includes an engine preheating apparatus for preheating the internal combustion engine upon or before starting thereof. This internal combustion engine further includes an air-fuel ratio controller for setting an air-fuel ratio of the internal combustion engine that is preheated, to a value higher than that of the internal combustion engine that is not preheated, and/or an ignition-timing controller for retarding an ignition timing of the internal combustion engine that is preheated as compared with the ignition timing of the internal combustion engine that is not preheated.
摘要:
A terminal-side message processing unit (3) of an ATM exchange (10) reserves a virtual connection that has been used for a communication between a transmitter terminal accommodated in the ATM exchange and a receiver terminal by registering the information of the virtual connection in a reserved-connection table (104) without releasing the virtual connection when a connection release request of the virtual connection is requested by the transmitter terminal, and reopens the communication between the transmitter terminal and the receiver terminal by way of the virtual connection which has been reserved by referring to the reserved-connection table (104) when a connection setup request of the same connection with the virtual connection that has been reserved is requested.
摘要:
The purpose of the present invention is to provide polymerization catalyst which can produce quite efficiently (co)polymer having number average molecular weight and number of molecules which are accurately controlled in producing method of (co)polymer by the polymerization of polar unsaturated compound, and provide living polymerized (co)polymer obtained according to the producing method. For the purpose, polymerization catalyst composition which comprises the composition comprising organic oxysalt compound and hydroxycarbonyl compound having at least both an alcoholic hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group in the same molecule is provided and the polar unsaturated compound is polymerized by using the polymerization catalyst composition. The composition containing the obtained (co)polymer were able to provide thermosetting powder coating composition having particularly excellent characteristics.
摘要:
In a combustor for supplying combustion heat to a heater core and an intake side of an engine, when the engine is started, combustion gas is supplied to an intake side of the engine while non-combustion air is introduced into a combustion gas passage partitioned from a water passage of the heater core by a heat-conduction partition member. In this case, non-combustion air is used as an air curtain for interrupting a heat transmission from the combustion gas of the combustion gas passage to water of the water passage.
摘要:
A multi-cylinder internal combustion engine includes an intake manifold having branch pipes connected to one side of a cylinder head and curved to allow the intake manifold to extend to directly above a cylinder-head cover, and intake-side spark plugs and fuel injectors which are incorporated in the cylinder head. The spark plugs are disposed outside a valve train chamber on a side of the valve train chamber where curved portions of the branch pipes are disposed, and the fuel injectors and ignition coils provided above the spark plugs are disposed between the valve train chamber and the curved portions in a direction normal to axes of the cylinders as viewed from a direction in which cylinders are arranged. The ignition coils are disposed so as not to overlap the branch pipes as viewed from a direction in which the ignition coils are attached to the cylinder head.
摘要:
A photothermographic material affording a sufficient image density under general image producing conditions and capable of suppressing the time-dependent tint of the white background after the development processing is provided. Such photothermographic material contains in elsewhere on one side of a support at least one species of photosensitive silver halide, a non-photosensitive organic silver salt, a reducing agent for reducing silver ion and a binder, in which the reducing agent comprises a combination of at least one species of o-polyphenol compound and at least one species of hindered phenol.
摘要:
An internal combustion engine having a combustion heater is constructed to prevent a thermal damage to the structure of an intake system due to combustion heat emitted from the combustion heater. The engine includes the combustion heater operating at a cold time. Cooling water is warmed by heat of combustion gas emitted from the combustion heater when in combustion, thereby speeding up a warm-up of the engine and enhancing a performance of a car room heater of a vehicle mounted with the engine. In the thus constructed internal combustion engine having the combustion heater, fresh air entering an intake air passageway of the engine is mixed with the combustion gas of the combustion heater, whereby the fresh air becomes a combustion gas mixed intake air toward an engine body. A temperature of the combustion gas mixed intake air is obtained, and a combustion state of the combustion heater is controlled based on this temperature.
摘要:
An internal combustion engine having a combustion heater is capable of surely effecting an ignition of the combustion heater. In the engine having the vaporization type combustion heater operated at a cold time to raise a temperature of engine cooling water, the combustion heater has a glow plug for forming a latent flame by igniting a combustion fuel, a combustion camber for growing the latent flame formed by the glow plug into flames, an air supply pipe for supplying the combustion chamber with the air for combustion, a combustion gas discharge pipe for discharging the combustion gas from the combustion chamber, and a communicating passageway for connecting the air supply passageway to the combustion gas discharge pipe. A valve means provided in the communicating passageway controls the connecting passageway so as to open and close. The communicating passageway opens when the glow plug start the ignition in the vaporization type combustion heater, whereby the air flows directly between the air supply pipe and the combustion gas discharge pipe.
摘要:
An engine having in an exhaust system a lean NOx catalyst for purifying nitrogen oxide in an oxygen excessive exhaust gas by using a reducing agent, includes an intake air quantity decreasing device for decreasing a quantity of intake air flowing through an intake system when the nitrogen oxide needs to be purified by the lean NOx catalyst, and a combustion heater provided separately from the internal combustion engine also serves as a CO2 adding device for adding carbon dioxide to the intake air when a flowing quantity in the intake system decreases by operating the intake air quantity decreasing device. With this arrangement the reducing agent such as hydro carbon and the like can be supplied even when eliminating an auxiliary injection hitherto needed in the internal combustion engine having the lean NOx catalyst.