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公开(公告)号:US11654489B2
公开(公告)日:2023-05-23
申请号:US17195412
申请日:2021-03-08
申请人: Nuburu, Inc.
发明人: Mark S. Zediker
IPC分类号: B22F12/00 , B23K26/082 , B23K26/06 , B23K26/32 , B29C64/153 , B33Y80/00 , B33Y50/02 , B22F10/00 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y30/00 , B23K26/342 , B23K26/08 , B23K103/04 , B23K103/14 , B23K103/12 , B23K103/00 , B23K103/08 , B22F10/10
CPC分类号: B22F12/00 , B22F10/00 , B23K26/0608 , B23K26/0648 , B23K26/0665 , B23K26/082 , B23K26/0853 , B23K26/0876 , B23K26/32 , B23K26/342 , B29C64/153 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y30/00 , B33Y50/02 , B33Y80/00 , B22F10/10 , B23K2103/04 , B23K2103/08 , B23K2103/12 , B23K2103/14 , B23K2103/42 , B23K2103/56 , Y02P10/25
摘要: The present disclosure provides a printer system based on high power, high brightness visible laser source for improved resolution and printing speeds. Visible laser devices based on high power visible laser diodes can be scaled using the stimulated Raman scattering process to create a high power, high brightness visible laser source.
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公开(公告)号:US11654488B2
公开(公告)日:2023-05-23
申请号:US17316966
申请日:2021-05-11
IPC分类号: B29C64/00 , B22F10/73 , B22F10/14 , B22F12/30 , B22F12/70 , B33Y40/00 , B22F12/50 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y30/00 , B22F12/00 , B33Y50/00 , B29C64/227 , B29C64/30 , B29C64/40 , B01D67/00 , B29C64/182 , B33Y40/20 , B33Y70/00 , B29C64/307 , B29C64/393 , B22F12/82 , B29C64/20 , B33Y40/10 , B33Y99/00 , B22F10/00 , B33Y80/00 , B22F10/85 , B29C64/205 , B33Y50/02 , B29C64/176 , B29C64/10
CPC分类号: B22F10/73 , B01D67/00045 , B01D67/00415 , B22F10/00 , B22F10/14 , B22F10/85 , B22F12/00 , B22F12/224 , B22F12/30 , B22F12/50 , B22F12/70 , B22F12/82 , B29C64/00 , B29C64/10 , B29C64/176 , B29C64/182 , B29C64/20 , B29C64/205 , B29C64/227 , B29C64/30 , B29C64/307 , B29C64/393 , B29C64/40 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y30/00 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y40/10 , B33Y40/20 , B33Y50/00 , B33Y50/02 , B33Y70/00 , B33Y80/00 , B33Y99/00 , G03G2215/2054 , G05B2219/49023 , G05B2219/49246 , Y10T156/1722 , Y10T156/1798
摘要: In one example in accordance with the present disclosure, a build material volume transportation device is described. The build material volume transportation device includes a shuttle to transport a build material volume. The shuttle includes an opening therethrough to receive the build material volume. The build material volume transportation device also includes a build tray to raise the build volume into the opening in the shuttle. The build material volume transportation device further includes a latch assembly to releasably secure the build tray to the shuttle. A tip of the latch assembly extends to interface with the aperture to secure the build tray to the shuttle. The tip rotates independently of the piston.
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公开(公告)号:US20240342804A1
公开(公告)日:2024-10-17
申请号:US18731243
申请日:2024-06-01
申请人: Araz Yacoubian
发明人: Araz Yacoubian
IPC分类号: B22F12/90 , B22F10/20 , B22F10/30 , B22F12/00 , B29C64/393 , B33Y30/00 , B33Y50/00 , B33Y50/02 , G01N21/21 , G01N21/47 , G01N21/88 , G01N21/95
CPC分类号: B22F12/90 , B22F10/20 , B22F12/00 , B29C64/393 , B33Y30/00 , B33Y50/00 , B33Y50/02 , G01N21/21 , G01N21/4788 , G01N21/9515 , B22F10/30 , G01N2021/4735 , G01N2021/479 , G01N2021/4792 , G01N2021/8848 , G01N2201/06113 , G01N2201/0634 , G01N2201/0638
摘要: Additive manufacturing, such as laser sintering or melting of additive layers, can produce parts rapidly at small volume and in a factory setting. To ensure the additive manufactured parts are of high quality, a real-time non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique is required to detect defects while they are being manufactured. The present invention describes an in-situ (real-time) inspection unit that can be added to an existing additive manufacturing (AM) tool, such as an FDM (fused deposition modeling) machine, or a direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) machine, providing real-time information about the part quality, and detecting flaws as they occur. The information provided by this unit is used to a) qualify the part as it is being made, and b) to provide feedback to the AM tool for correction, or to stop the process if the part will not meet the quality, thus saving time, energy and reduce material loss.
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公开(公告)号:US20240239046A1
公开(公告)日:2024-07-18
申请号:US18620164
申请日:2024-03-28
发明人: James A. DeMuth , Erik Toomre , Francis L. Leard , Kourosh Kamshad , Heiner Fees , Eugene Berdichevsky
IPC分类号: B29C64/264 , B22F3/24 , B22F10/00 , B22F10/28 , B22F10/34 , B22F10/36 , B22F10/70 , B22F12/00 , B22F12/30 , B22F12/33 , B22F12/44 , B22F12/70 , B22F12/88 , B22F12/90 , B23K15/00 , B23K15/06 , B23K26/03 , B23K26/08 , B23K26/12 , B23K26/142 , B23K26/144 , B23K26/16 , B23K26/36 , B23K26/70 , B23K37/04 , B25J11/00 , B29C64/153 , B29C64/268 , B29C64/386 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y50/02 , B33Y70/00 , B33Y80/00 , B33Y99/00 , G02B7/14 , G02B7/16 , G02B7/182 , G02B15/04 , G02B15/10 , G02B19/00 , G02B26/08 , G02B27/10 , G02F1/01 , G02F1/1333 , G02F1/135 , G05B17/02 , H01S5/00 , H01S5/40 , B22F10/10 , B22F10/32 , B22F10/47 , B22F10/50 , B22F10/64 , B22F10/73 , B22F12/17 , B22F12/20 , B22F12/41 , B22F12/45 , B22F12/53 , B23K26/00 , B23K26/082 , B23K26/342 , B23K101/00 , B23K101/02 , B23K101/24 , B23K103/00 , B28B1/00 , B29K105/00 , B33Y30/00 , G02B27/00 , G02B27/09 , G02B27/14 , G02B27/28 , G07C3/14
CPC分类号: B29C64/264 , B22F3/24 , B22F10/00 , B22F10/28 , B22F10/34 , B22F10/36 , B22F10/70 , B22F12/00 , B22F12/226 , B22F12/30 , B22F12/33 , B22F12/38 , B22F12/44 , B22F12/70 , B22F12/88 , B22F12/90 , B23K15/0006 , B23K15/0013 , B23K15/002 , B23K15/0026 , B23K15/0093 , B23K15/06 , B23K26/03 , B23K26/032 , B23K26/083 , B23K26/0846 , B23K26/1224 , B23K26/123 , B23K26/127 , B23K26/142 , B23K26/144 , B23K26/16 , B23K26/36 , B23K26/702 , B23K26/703 , B23K26/704 , B23K37/0426 , B25J11/00 , B29C64/153 , B29C64/268 , B29C64/386 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y50/02 , B33Y70/00 , B33Y80/00 , B33Y99/00 , G02B7/14 , G02B7/16 , G02B7/1827 , G02B15/04 , G02B15/10 , G02B19/0028 , G02B19/0047 , G02B26/0816 , G02B27/108 , G02F1/0136 , G02F1/133362 , G02F1/135 , G05B17/02 , H01S5/005 , H01S5/4012 , B22F2003/247 , B22F2003/248 , B22F10/10 , B22F10/32 , B22F10/47 , B22F10/50 , B22F10/64 , B22F10/73 , B22F12/17 , B22F12/20 , B22F12/222 , B22F12/41 , B22F12/45 , B22F12/53 , B22F2998/10 , B22F2999/00 , B23K15/0086 , B23K26/0006 , B23K26/082 , B23K26/342 , B23K37/0408 , B23K2101/001 , B23K2101/008 , B23K2101/02 , B23K2101/24 , B23K2103/00 , B23K2103/42 , B23K2103/50 , B28B1/001 , B29K2105/251 , B33Y30/00 , G02B27/0068 , G02B27/0905 , G02B27/141 , G02B27/283 , G02B27/286 , G05B2219/49023 , G07C3/146 , Y02P10/25 , Y02P80/40
摘要: A method and an apparatus pertaining to recycling and reuse of unwanted light in additive manufacturing can multiplex multiple beams of light including at least one or more beams of light from one or more light sources. The multiple beams of light may be reshaped and blended to provide a first beam of light. A spatial polarization pattern may be applied on the first beam of light to provide a second beam of light. Polarization states of the second beam of light may be split to reflect a third beam of light, which may be reshaped into a fourth beam of light. The fourth beam of light may be introduced as one of the multiple beams of light to result in a fifth beam of light.
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公开(公告)号:US20240208143A1
公开(公告)日:2024-06-27
申请号:US18419847
申请日:2024-01-23
发明人: James A. DeMuth , Erik Toomre , Francis L. Leard , Kourosh Kamshad , Heiner Fees , Eugene Berdichevsky
IPC分类号: B29C64/264 , B22F3/24 , B22F10/00 , B22F10/10 , B22F10/28 , B22F10/32 , B22F10/34 , B22F10/36 , B22F10/47 , B22F10/50 , B22F10/64 , B22F10/70 , B22F10/73 , B22F12/00 , B22F12/17 , B22F12/20 , B22F12/30 , B22F12/33 , B22F12/41 , B22F12/44 , B22F12/45 , B22F12/53 , B22F12/70 , B22F12/88 , B22F12/90 , B23K15/00 , B23K15/06 , B23K26/00 , B23K26/03 , B23K26/08 , B23K26/082 , B23K26/12 , B23K26/142 , B23K26/144 , B23K26/16 , B23K26/342 , B23K26/36 , B23K26/70 , B23K37/04 , B23K101/00 , B23K101/02 , B23K101/24 , B23K103/00 , B25J11/00 , B28B1/00 , B29C64/153 , B29C64/268 , B29C64/386 , B29K105/00 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y30/00 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y50/02 , B33Y70/00 , B33Y80/00 , B33Y99/00 , G02B7/14 , G02B7/16 , G02B7/182 , G02B15/04 , G02B15/10 , G02B19/00 , G02B26/08 , G02B27/00 , G02B27/09 , G02B27/10 , G02B27/14 , G02B27/28 , G02F1/01 , G02F1/1333 , G02F1/135 , G05B17/02 , G07C3/14 , H01S5/00 , H01S5/40
CPC分类号: B29C64/264 , B22F3/24 , B22F10/00 , B22F10/28 , B22F10/34 , B22F10/36 , B22F10/70 , B22F12/00 , B22F12/226 , B22F12/30 , B22F12/33 , B22F12/38 , B22F12/44 , B22F12/70 , B22F12/88 , B22F12/90 , B23K15/0006 , B23K15/0013 , B23K15/002 , B23K15/0026 , B23K15/0093 , B23K15/06 , B23K26/03 , B23K26/032 , B23K26/083 , B23K26/0846 , B23K26/1224 , B23K26/123 , B23K26/127 , B23K26/142 , B23K26/144 , B23K26/16 , B23K26/36 , B23K26/702 , B23K26/703 , B23K26/704 , B23K37/0426 , B25J11/00 , B29C64/153 , B29C64/268 , B29C64/386 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y50/02 , B33Y70/00 , B33Y80/00 , B33Y99/00 , G02B7/14 , G02B7/16 , G02B7/1827 , G02B15/04 , G02B15/10 , G02B19/0028 , G02B19/0047 , G02B26/0816 , G02B27/108 , G02F1/0136 , G02F1/133362 , G02F1/135 , G05B17/02 , H01S5/005 , H01S5/4012 , B22F2003/247 , B22F2003/248 , B22F10/10 , B22F10/32 , B22F10/47 , B22F10/50 , B22F10/64 , B22F10/73 , B22F12/17 , B22F12/20 , B22F12/222 , B22F12/41 , B22F12/45 , B22F12/53 , B22F2998/10 , B22F2999/00 , B23K15/0086 , B23K26/0006 , B23K26/082 , B23K26/342 , B23K37/0408 , B23K2101/001 , B23K2101/008 , B23K2101/02 , B23K2101/24 , B23K2103/00 , B23K2103/42 , B23K2103/50 , B28B1/001 , B29K2105/251 , B33Y30/00 , G02B27/0068 , G02B27/0905 , G02B27/141 , G02B27/283 , G02B27/286 , G05B2219/49023 , G07C3/146 , Y02P10/25 , Y02P80/40
摘要: A method and an apparatus for collecting a powdered material after a print job in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing may involve a build platform supporting a powder bed capable of tilting, inverting, and shaking to separate the powder bed substantially from the build platform in a hopper. The powdered material may be collected in a hopper for reuse in later print jobs. The powder collecting process may be automated to increase efficiency of powder bed fusion additive manufacturing.
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公开(公告)号:US12017278B2
公开(公告)日:2024-06-25
申请号:US18139864
申请日:2023-04-26
申请人: Araz Yacoubian
发明人: Araz Yacoubian
IPC分类号: B22F12/90 , B22F10/20 , B22F12/00 , B29C64/393 , B33Y30/00 , B33Y50/00 , B33Y50/02 , G01N21/21 , G01N21/47 , G01N21/95 , B22F10/30 , G01N21/88
CPC分类号: B22F12/90 , B22F10/20 , B22F12/00 , B29C64/393 , B33Y30/00 , B33Y50/00 , B33Y50/02 , G01N21/21 , G01N21/4788 , G01N21/9515 , B22F10/30 , G01N2021/4735 , G01N2021/479 , G01N2021/4792 , G01N2021/8848 , G01N2201/06113 , G01N2201/0634 , G01N2201/0638
摘要: Additive manufacturing, such as laser sintering or melting of additive layers, can produce parts rapidly at small volume and in a factory setting. To ensure the additive manufactured parts are of high quality, a real-time non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique is required to detect defects while they are being manufactured. The present invention describes an in-situ (real-time) inspection unit that can be added to an existing additive manufacturing (AM) tool, such as an FDM (fused deposition modeling) machine, or a direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) machine, providing real-time information about the part quality, and detecting flaws as they occur. The information provided by this unit is used to a) qualify the part as it is being made, and b) to provide feedback to the AM tool for correction, or to stop the process if the part will not meet the quality, thus saving time, energy and reduce material loss.
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公开(公告)号:US11964429B2
公开(公告)日:2024-04-23
申请号:US17030206
申请日:2020-09-23
发明人: James A. DeMuth , Erik Toomre , Francis L. Leard , Kourosh Kamshad , Heiner Fees , Eugene Berdichevsky
IPC分类号: G02F1/01 , B22F3/24 , B22F10/00 , B22F10/28 , B22F10/34 , B22F10/36 , B22F10/70 , B22F12/00 , B22F12/30 , B22F12/33 , B22F12/44 , B22F12/70 , B22F12/88 , B22F12/90 , B23K15/00 , B23K15/06 , B23K26/03 , B23K26/08 , B23K26/12 , B23K26/142 , B23K26/144 , B23K26/16 , B23K26/36 , B23K26/70 , B23K37/04 , B25J11/00 , B29C64/153 , B29C64/264 , B29C64/268 , B29C64/386 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y50/02 , B33Y70/00 , B33Y80/00 , B33Y99/00 , G02B7/14 , G02B7/16 , G02B7/182 , G02B15/04 , G02B15/10 , G02B19/00 , G02B26/08 , G02B27/10 , G02F1/1333 , G02F1/135 , G05B17/02 , H01S5/00 , H01S5/40 , B22F10/10 , B22F10/32 , B22F10/47 , B22F10/50 , B22F10/64 , B22F10/73 , B22F12/17 , B22F12/20 , B22F12/41 , B22F12/45 , B22F12/53 , B23K26/00 , B23K26/082 , B23K26/342 , B23K101/00 , B23K101/02 , B23K101/24 , B23K103/00 , B28B1/00 , B29K105/00 , B33Y30/00 , G02B27/00 , G02B27/09 , G02B27/14 , G02B27/28 , G07C3/14
CPC分类号: B29C64/264 , B22F3/24 , B22F10/00 , B22F10/28 , B22F10/34 , B22F10/36 , B22F10/70 , B22F12/00 , B22F12/226 , B22F12/30 , B22F12/33 , B22F12/38 , B22F12/44 , B22F12/70 , B22F12/88 , B22F12/90 , B23K15/0006 , B23K15/0013 , B23K15/002 , B23K15/0026 , B23K15/0093 , B23K15/06 , B23K26/03 , B23K26/032 , B23K26/083 , B23K26/0846 , B23K26/1224 , B23K26/123 , B23K26/127 , B23K26/142 , B23K26/144 , B23K26/16 , B23K26/36 , B23K26/702 , B23K26/703 , B23K26/704 , B23K37/0426 , B25J11/00 , B29C64/153 , B29C64/268 , B29C64/386 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y50/02 , B33Y70/00 , B33Y80/00 , B33Y99/00 , G02B7/14 , G02B7/16 , G02B7/1827 , G02B15/04 , G02B15/10 , G02B19/0028 , G02B19/0047 , G02B26/0816 , G02B27/108 , G02F1/0136 , G02F1/133362 , G02F1/135 , G05B17/02 , H01S5/005 , H01S5/4012 , B22F2003/247 , B22F2003/248 , B22F10/10 , B22F10/32 , B22F10/47 , B22F10/50 , B22F10/64 , B22F10/73 , B22F12/17 , B22F12/20 , B22F12/222 , B22F12/41 , B22F12/45 , B22F12/53 , B22F2998/10 , B22F2999/00 , B23K15/0086 , B23K26/0006 , B23K26/082 , B23K26/342 , B23K37/0408 , B23K2101/001 , B23K2101/008 , B23K2101/02 , B23K2101/24 , B23K2103/00 , B23K2103/42 , B23K2103/50 , B28B1/001 , B29K2105/251 , B33Y30/00 , G02B27/0068 , G02B27/0905 , G02B27/141 , G02B27/283 , G02B27/286 , G05B2219/49023 , G07C3/146 , Y02P10/25 , Y02P80/40 , B22F2999/00 , B22F10/00 , B22F2203/03 , B22F2999/00 , B22F12/41 , B22F2203/03 , B22F2999/00 , B22F10/20 , B22F2203/03
摘要: A method and an apparatus pertaining to recycling and reuse of unwanted light in additive manufacturing can multiplex multiple beams of light including at least one or more beams of light from one or more light sources. The multiple beams of light may be reshaped and blended to provide a first beam of light. A spatial polarization pattern may be applied on the first beam of light to provide a second beam of light. Polarization states of the second beam of light may be split to reflect a third beam of light, which may be reshaped into a fourth beam of light. The fourth beam of light may be introduced as one of the multiple beams of light to result in a fifth beam of light.
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公开(公告)号:US11911960B2
公开(公告)日:2024-02-27
申请号:US18093083
申请日:2023-01-04
申请人: Concept Laser GmbH
发明人: Frank Herzog
IPC分类号: B33Y10/00 , B29C64/153 , B29C64/277 , B22F10/28 , B22F12/00 , B22F12/42 , B22F12/45 , B22F12/90 , B22F10/362 , B22F10/364 , B22F10/366 , B33Y30/00 , B22F10/10
CPC分类号: B29C64/153 , B22F10/28 , B22F10/362 , B22F10/364 , B22F10/366 , B22F12/00 , B22F12/22 , B22F12/42 , B22F12/45 , B22F12/90 , B29C64/277 , B22F10/10 , B33Y10/00 , B33Y30/00 , Y02P10/25
摘要: A device (1) for the generative production of a three-dimensional object (2) by selectively solidifying construction material layers made of solidifiable construction material (3) layer by layer in a successive manner using at least one laser beam (5), comprising at least one device (4) for generating at least one laser beam (5) in order to selectively solidify individual construction material layers made of solidifiable construction material (3) layer by layer. The device (4) comprises at least one laser diode element (10) that is arranged or can be arranged directly over the construction plane (9) on which solidified construction material layers or construction material layers to be solidified are selectively formed and is designed to generate a laser beam (5) directed directly onto the construction plane, and/or the device (4) comprises at least one laser diode element (10) and at least one optical element (27).
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公开(公告)号:US20240060390A1
公开(公告)日:2024-02-22
申请号:US18499702
申请日:2023-11-01
发明人: Peter J. Boul , Carl J. Thaemlitz
IPC分类号: E21B33/14 , E21B43/10 , B28B1/00 , B28B13/02 , B28B17/00 , B33Y70/10 , B29C64/393 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y99/00 , B29C64/20 , B22F12/82 , B29C64/205 , B29C64/00 , B22F10/00 , B29C64/227 , B29C64/255 , B29C64/245 , B29C64/25 , B22F12/00 , B22F10/85 , B33Y40/10 , B29C64/182 , B29C64/30 , B29C64/307 , B33Y40/20 , B29C64/10 , B33Y70/00 , B29C64/176 , B33Y50/00 , B29C64/386 , B29C64/40 , E21B41/00
CPC分类号: E21B33/14 , E21B43/10 , B28B1/001 , B28B13/022 , B28B13/0275 , B28B17/0081 , B33Y70/10 , B29C64/393 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y99/00 , B29C64/20 , B22F12/82 , B29C64/205 , B29C64/00 , B22F10/00 , B29C64/227 , B29C64/255 , B29C64/245 , B29C64/25 , B22F12/00 , B22F10/85 , B33Y40/10 , B29C64/182 , B29C64/30 , B29C64/307 , B33Y40/20 , B29C64/10 , B33Y70/00 , B29C64/176 , B33Y50/00 , B29C64/386 , B29C64/40 , E21B41/0078 , B33Y80/00
摘要: Provided are systems and method for casing a wellbore of a hydrocarbon well. The casing including disposing a casing print head in a wellbore of a hydrocarbon well, and conducting a downhole casing operation including operating the casing print head to eject casing material to form a casing tubular in the wellbore, and operating the casing print head to eject casing liner material into an annular region located between the casing tubular and a wall of the wellbore to form a casing liner in the annular region, the casing tubular and the casing liner forming a casing of the wellbore.
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公开(公告)号:US20240060389A1
公开(公告)日:2024-02-22
申请号:US18499694
申请日:2023-11-01
发明人: Peter J. Boul , Carl J. Thaemlitz
IPC分类号: E21B33/14 , E21B43/10 , B28B1/00 , B28B13/02 , B28B17/00 , B33Y70/10 , B29C64/393 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y99/00 , B29C64/20 , B22F12/82 , B29C64/205 , B29C64/00 , B22F10/00 , B29C64/227 , B29C64/255 , B29C64/245 , B29C64/25 , B22F12/00 , B22F10/85 , B33Y40/10 , B29C64/182 , B29C64/30 , B29C64/307 , B33Y40/20 , B29C64/10 , B33Y70/00 , B29C64/176 , B33Y50/00 , B29C64/386 , B29C64/40 , E21B41/00
CPC分类号: E21B33/14 , E21B43/10 , B28B1/001 , B28B13/022 , B28B13/0275 , B28B17/0081 , B33Y70/10 , B29C64/393 , B33Y40/00 , B33Y99/00 , B29C64/20 , B22F12/82 , B29C64/205 , B29C64/00 , B22F10/00 , B29C64/227 , B29C64/255 , B29C64/245 , B29C64/25 , B22F12/00 , B22F10/85 , B33Y40/10 , B29C64/182 , B29C64/30 , B29C64/307 , B33Y40/20 , B29C64/10 , B33Y70/00 , B29C64/176 , B33Y50/00 , B29C64/386 , B29C64/40 , E21B41/0078 , B33Y80/00
摘要: Provided are systems and methods for forming a casing liner in a wellbore of a hydrocarbon well. The forming including disposing a casing liner print head in an annular region located between a casing pipe disposed in a wellbore of a hydrocarbon well and a wall of the wellbore, and conducting a downhole lining operation including operating the casing liner print head to eject casing liner material into the annular region to form, in the annular region, a casing liner including elongated voids formed in the casing liner material.
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