摘要:
An engine comprising an exhaust gas recirculation system, wherein a first combustion where the amount of the recirculated exhaust gas supplied to the combustion chamber is larger than the amount of recirculated exhaust gas where the amount of production of soot peaks and almost no soot is produced and a second combustion where the amount of recirculated exhaust gas supplied to the combustion chamber is smaller than the amount of recirculated exhaust gas where the amount of production of soot peaks are selectively switched. The exhaust gas recirculation rate is caused to be changed in a step-like manner when switching from the first combustion to the second combustion or from the second combustion to the first combustion.
摘要:
A catalyst for purifying exhaust gases includes a porous support, at least one catalyst ingredient selected from Pt and Pd, and additional ingredients including (1) at least two rare-earth elements including La, (2) at least one rare-earth element including La and at least one transition element selected from Fe, Ni, Co and Mn, (3) at least two alkali metals, (4) at least one alkali metal and at least one rare-earth element including La, (5) at least one alkali metal and at least one transition element selected from Fe, Ni, Co and Mn, (6) at least two alkaline-earth metals, (7) at least one alkaline-earth metal and at least one rare-earth element including La, or (8) Ba, Li, La, Ce and Zr. A process for purifying an exhaust gas, by contacting the catalyst with an exhaust gas, is also provided.
摘要:
A NO.sub.x absorbent (17) is disposed in an exhaust passage of an internal combustion engine. This NO.sub.x absorbent (17) absorbs the NO.sub.x when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the NO.sub.x absorbent (17) is lean and releases the absorbed NO.sub.x when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the NO.sub.x absorbent (17) becomes rich. It estimates the amount of NO.sub.x absorbed in the NO.sub.x absorbent (17) from the engine load and the engine rotational speed and when the amount of the estimated NO.sub.x becomes the maximum NO.sub.x absorption capacity of the NO.sub.x absorbent (17), makes the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the NO.sub.x absorbent (17) rich.
摘要:
An engine comprising an exhaust passage having therein a NO.sub.x absorbent which absorbs the NO.sub.x when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the NO.sub.x absorbent is lean and releases the absorbed NO.sub.x when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the NO.sub.x absorbent becomes the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio or rich. When the air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel mixture should be changed over from lean to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, the air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel mixture is temporarily made rich and is then made the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.
摘要:
An NOx absorbent is installed in an exhaust conduit of an internal combustion engine capable of fuel combustion at lean air-fuel ratios. An oxygen concentration is repeatedly or continuously decreased by, for example, switching the air-fuel from the lean air-fuel ratio to a stoichiometric or rich air fuel ratio when the exhaust gas temperature is higher than 550.degree. C. or when NOx absorbent temperature is higher than 500.degree. C. As a result, the SOx absorbed in the NOx absorbent during lean air-fuel ratio, low temperature operation is released from the NOx absorbent, and the SOx-poisoned NOx absorbent is recovered.
摘要:
Two opening through which a refrigerant runs are connected by a first connecting pipe and a second connecting pipe. One end of the first connecting pipe is connected to a first opening by a planar seal. Another end of the first connecting pipe is connected to one end of a second connecting pipe by a shaft seal. Another end of the second connecting pipe is connected to a second opening by a planar seal. An axial direction of a shaft seal is perpendicular to a plane that includes the first opening.
摘要:
The present invention provides a hydrogen-generating apparatus in which the reduction in reforming efficiency associated with an increase in switching frequency to the regeneration reaction can be suppressed, and generation of hydrogen by reforming can stably be performed. In the reforming reaction, a cathode offgas discharged from a hydrogen-separation-membrane fuel cell 30 having a hydrogen-permeating film is supplied to PSR reformers 10 and 20, in which the reforming reaction and the regeneration reaction are performed alternately.
摘要:
Fuel cells 100 of the invention are operable at a temperature of about 500° C. The unit cell has a solid oxide electrolyte layer formed on a hydrogen separable metal layer. An anode has a catalyst supported thereon to accelerate a reforming reaction of methane. A fuel gas is produced by reforming a hydrocarbon-containing material in a reformer 20. Setting a lower reaction temperature enables production of the fuel gas containing both methane and hydrogen. In the fuel cells 100 receiving a supply of the fuel gas, the reforming reaction of methane contained in the fuel gas proceeds simultaneously with consumption of hydrogen contained in the fuel gas. This methane reforming reaction is endothermic to absorb heat produced in the process of power generation and thereby equalizes the operation temperature of the fuel cells 100.
摘要:
The present invention relates to a polarized xenon gas manufacturing supply device that is provided with a polarization cell 6 that produces a polarized xenon gas by polarizing a mixture of xenon gas and a diluent gas that consists primarily of a high-boiling-point gas that has a boiling point higher than that of the xenon gas, and a condenser (9) that cools the mixed gas discharged from the polarization cell (6) and condenses and separates the high-boiling-point gas by using the difference in boiling points between the xenon gas and the high-boiling-point gas, wherein the supply device is constructed so as to re-vaporize the condensed liquid of the high-boiling-point gas produced by the condenser (9) and introduce it to the polarization cell (6). This polarized xenon gas manufacturing supply device makes it possible to continuously manufacture and supply highly polarized and highly concentrated xenon gas.
摘要:
A fuel cell of the invention has a hydrogen permeable metal layer, which is formed on a plane of an electrolyte layer that has proton conductivity and includes a hydrogen permeable metal. The fuel cell includes a higher temperature zone and a lower temperature zone that has a lower temperature than the higher temperature zone. The hydrogen permeable metal layer includes a lower temperature area A corresponding to the lower temperature zone and a higher temperature area B corresponding to the higher temperature zone. The lower temperature area A and the higher temperature area B have different settings of composition and/or layout of components. This arrangement effectively prevents potential deterioration of cell performance due to an uneven distribution of internal temperature of the fuel cell including the hydrogen permeable metal layer.