摘要:
The invention provides a catalyst and a catalyst structure for catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides contained in exhaust gas wherein fuel is supplied and subjected to combustion under periodic rich/lean conditions and the resulting exhaust gases are brought into contact therewith, which catalyst comprises: an outer catalyst layer comprising an outer catalyst component A which comprises at least one selected from a solid acid, and a solid acid supporting oxides and/or ions of at least one element selected from vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese, and an inner catalyst layer comprising an inner catalyst component which comprises at least one noble metal catalyst component B selected from platinum, rhodium, palladium and an oxide thereof and a catalyst component C comprising ceria or praseodymium oxide or a mixture of oxides and/or a composite oxide of at least two elements selected from cerium, zirconium, praseodymium, neodymium, terbium, samarium, gadolinium and lanthanum. The invention further provides a method for catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by contacting the nitrogen oxides with the catalyst.
摘要:
A phospholipid derivative represented by the formula (1) (Z represents a residue of a compound having 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups; AO represents an oxyalkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R1CO and R2CO represent an acyl group having 8 to 22 carbon atoms; X represents hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, ammonium or an organic ammonium; “a” represents an integer of 0 to 4; “b” represents 0 or 1; Q represents hydrogen atom or methyl group; m represents an average number of moles of the oxyalkylene group added; and m, k1, k2, and k3 are numbers satisfying the following conditions: 3≦m≦200, 9≦m×(k1+k2+k3)≦1000, 1≦k1≦2, 0≦k2≦9 and 0≦k3≦9, and 3≦k1+k2+k3≦10), which is highly safe for living bodies, and is suitably used for solubilization and dispersion of physiologically active substances and the like, or in the fields of drug delivery systems such as liposomes and cosmetics.
摘要:
An exhaust gas purifying apparatus for an internal combustion engine having an exhaust system. The apparatus includes a NOx purifying device provided in the exhaust system. This device removes NOx from exhaust gases when a concentration of oxygen in the exhaust gases is higher than a concentration of reducing components in the exhaust gases; generates ammonia and retains the generated ammonia when the concentration of reducing components in the inflowing exhaust gases is higher than the concentration of oxygen; and purifies NOx with the retained ammonia when the concentration of reducing components in the inflowing exhaust gases is lower than the concentration of oxygen. A residual amount of ammonia retained in the NOx purifying device is estimated. The concentration of reducing components in the exhaust gases is switched with respect to the concentration of oxygen according to the estimated residual amount.
摘要:
A semiconductor integrated circuit device is provided which includes an active region, a shallow groove isolation adjacent to the active region, and a semiconductor element formed in the active region and having a gate. The sum of a width of the active region and a width of the shallow groove isolation constitutes a minimum pitch in the direction of a gate width of the gate, and the width of the active region is set larger than one-half of the minimum pitch.
摘要:
An exhaust emission control device which is capable of supplying a just enough amount of reducing agent to a NOx catalyst while causing the amount of reducing agent consumed in an upstream catalyst to be reflected thereon. A NOx catalyst for trapping NOx and reducing NOx to change the same into harmless ingredients in a reducing atmosphere is disposed downstream of a catalyst. Reducing agent is supplied upstream of the catalyst to cause the NOx catalyst to perform a NOx-reducing action. The amount of oxygen occluded in the catalyst is calculated. During reduction control, according to the oxygen occlusion amount, the amount of reducing agent oxidized and consumed in the catalyst is calculated. According to the reducing agent consumption amount, the amount of reducing agent supplied to the NOx catalyst is calculated. The reduction control is terminated based on the reducing agent supply amount.
摘要:
An exhaust gas purifying device for an internal combustion engine, comprises: a first catalyst (TWC 7, example) having a reducing capability; a second catalyst (LNC 9, example) provided downstream of the first catalyst, the second catalyst is adapted to trap NOx in a lean condition of air fuel ratio of an exhaust gas and reduce the trapped NOx in a rich condition of air fuel ratio of the exhaust gas; and an exhaust air fuel ratio control means for controlling an exhaust air fuel ratio to decrease the NOx in the first and second catalysts, wherein the exhaust air fuel ratio control means conducts NOx decreasing control suitable for the first catalyst when the second catalyst is in an inactive state and the first catalyst is in an active state, and wherein the exhaust air fuel ratio control means conducts NOx decreasing control suitable for the second catalyst after the second catalyst is activated.
摘要:
An exhaust gas purifying apparatus for an internal combustion engine having a NOx removing device provided in an exhaust system of the engine and at least one fuel injector for injecting fuel into a combustion chamber of the engine. A temperature of the NOx removing device is detected and a regeneration process, which removes sulfur oxide accumulated in the NOx removing device, is performed. The regeneration process is performed by performing at least one post injection after performing a main injection by the at least one fuel injector to raise a temperature of the NOx removing device or by increasing a main injection amount of fuel to raise the temperature of the NOx removing device without performing the post injection. The exhaust gases are then controlled to flow into the NOx removing device in the reducing state.
摘要:
A method for manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit device including a first field effect transistor having a gate insulating film formed over a first element forming region of a main surface of a semiconductor substrate; and a second field effect transistor having a gate insulating film formed over a second element forming region of the main surface of the semiconductor substrate and made thinner than the gate insulating film of the first field effect transistor. The method comprises the steps of forming a thermally oxidized film over a first element forming region and a second element forming region of the main surface of the semiconductor substrate; forming a deposited film over the main surface of the semiconductor substrate including said thermally oxidized film; removing the deposited film and said thermally oxidized film from over the second element forming region; and forming a thermally oxidized film over the second element forming region to form a gate insulating film individually over the first element forming region and the second element forming region.
摘要:
The invention provides a catalyst for catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides contained in exhaust gases wherein fuel is supplied and subjected to combustion under periodic rich/lean conditions and the resulting exhaust gases are brought into contact therewith, which catalyst comprises: (A) a catalyst component A comprising (c) ceria or (d) praseodymium oxide or (e) an oxide and/or a composite oxide of at least two elements selected from the group consisting of cerium, zirconium, praseodymium, neodymium, terbium, samarium, gadolinium and lanthanum; (B) a catalyst component B comprising (d) a noble metal catalyst component selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, palladium and oxides thereof and (e) a carrier; and (C) a catalyst component C comprising (f) a solid acid, and (g) a solid acid supporting an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese. The catalyst reduces NOx contained in exhaust gases wherein fuel is supplied and subjected to combustion with a periodic rich/lean excursions, whereby NOx is generated in the exhaust gases, with high durability in a wide temperature range even in the presence of oxygen, sulfur oxides or water.
摘要:
When an oxidation treatment for regenerating a gate insulating film 6 is performed after forming gate electrodes 7A of a polymetal structure in which a WNx film and a W film are stacked on a polysilicon film, a wafer 1 is heated and cooled under conditions for reducing a W oxide 27 on the sidewall of each gate electrode 7A. As a result, the amount of the W oxide 27 to be deposited on the surface of the wafer 1 is reduced.