公开(公告)号：US08969239B2

公开(公告)日：2015-03-03

申请号：US12836451

申请日：2010-07-14

Applicant: Josiane Marie-Rose Ginestra ,  Russell Craig Ackerman ,  Christian Gabriel Michel

Inventor： Josiane Marie-Rose Ginestra ,  Russell Craig Ackerman ,  Christian Gabriel Michel

IPC: C01F7/34 ,  C01F7/02 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J23/85 ,  B01J23/883 ,  B01J27/185 ,  B01J27/19 ,  B01J35/10 ,  B01J37/02 ,  B01J37/03 ,  C01F7/14 ,  C10G47/12 ,  C10G47/14 ,  B01J37/00

CPC classification number: C01F7/02 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J23/85 ,  B01J23/883 ,  B01J27/1853 ,  B01J27/19 ,  B01J35/10 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1042 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/108 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/031 ,  C01F7/141 ,  C01F7/34 ,  C01P2002/54 ,  C01P2006/12 ,  C01P2006/14 ,  C01P2006/16 ,  C01P2006/17 ,  C10G47/12 ,  C10G47/14

Abstract: A method of hydroprocessing a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock using a hydroprocessing catalyst having specific properties making it effective in the hydroconversion of at least a portion of the heavy hydrocarbon feedstock to lighter hydrocarbons. The hydroprocessing catalyst comprises a Group VIB metal component (e.g., Cr, Mo, and W), a Group VIII metal component (e.g., Ni and Co) and, optionally, a potassium metal component that are supported on a support material comprising alumina. The alumina has novel physical properties that, in combination with the catalytic components, provide for the hydroprocessing catalyst. The hydroprocessing catalyst is particularly effective in the conversion of the heavy hydrocarbon feedstock. The alumina is characterized as having a high pore volume and a high surface area with a large proportion of the pore volume being present in the pores within a narrow pore diameter distribution about a narrowly defined range of median pore diameters. The support material preferably does not contain more than a small concentration of silica. The alumina component is preferably made by a specific method that provides for an alumina having the specific physical properties required for the hydroprocessing catalyst.

Abstract translation: 使用具有特定性质的加氢处理催化剂加氢处理重质烃原料的方法，使其在将至少一部分重质烃原料加氢转化成轻质烃中有效。 加氢处理催化剂包括负载在包含氧化铝的载体材料上的VIB族金属组分（例如Cr，Mo和W），VIII族金属组分（例如Ni和Co）和任选的钾金属组分。 氧化铝具有与催化组分组合提供加氢处理催化剂的新物理性质。 加氢处理催化剂在重烃原料的转化中特别有效。 氧化铝的特征在于具有高的孔体积和高的表面积，孔体积的大部分存在于细孔直径分布内的孔中，其狭缝限定的中值孔径范围。 载体材料优选不含少于少量二氧化硅。 氧化铝组分优选通过提供具有加氢处理催化剂所需的具体物理性能的氧化铝的具体方法制备。

公开(公告)号：US20140243192A1

公开(公告)日：2014-08-28

申请号：US14349105

申请日：2012-10-22

Applicant: JGC CATALYSTS AND CHEMICALS LTD.

Inventor： Kenji Yamane ,  Kouichi Ohama ,  Shogo Tagawa

IPC: B01J27/19

CPC classification number: B01J27/19 ,  B01J27/16 ,  B01J31/121 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1042 ,  B01J35/1047 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  B01J35/109 ,  B01J37/0203 ,  B01J37/024 ,  B01J37/033 ,  B01J37/28 ,  C10G45/04 ,  C10G2300/201

Abstract: A hydrotreating catalyst includes a hydrogenation active metal supported on a alumina-phosphorus support and satisfies: a specific surface area being 100 m2/g or more; a total pore volume measured by mercury intrusion being in a range 0.80-1.50 ml/g; a maximum value of pore distribution being present in a pore diameter range 10-30 nm; a ratio of a pore volume of pores with a pore diameter within a range of ±2 nm of a pore diameter at the maximum value to a pore volume of pores with a pore diameter in a range 5-100 nm being 0.40 or less; a pressure capacity being 10 N/mm or more; 0.4-10.0 mass % of phosphorus being contained in the catalyst in terms of P2O5 concentration based on a total amount of the catalyst; and a hydrogenation active metal being at least one metal selected from metals of VIA and VIII groups of the periodic table.

Abstract translation: 加氢处理催化剂包括负载在氧化铝 - 磷载体上的氢化活性金属，并且满足：比表面积为100m 2 / g以上; 通过水银侵入测量的总孔体积在0.80-1.50ml / g的范围内; 孔分布的最大值存在于10-30nm的孔径范围内; 孔直径在最大值的孔径±2nm范围内的孔的孔体积与孔径在5-100nm范围内的孔的孔体积的比为0.40以下; 压力容量为10N / mm以上; 以催化剂总量计，P2O5浓度中催化剂中含有0.4-10.0质量％的磷; 和加氢活性金属是选自元素周期表的VIA和VIII族金属中的至少一种金属。

公开(公告)号：US20130123557A1

公开(公告)日：2013-05-16

申请号：US13652660

申请日：2012-10-16

Applicant: ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company

Inventor： STEPHEN J. McCARTHY ,  GUANG CAO ,  PATRICIA A. BIELENBERG ,  Beau Waldrup

IPC: B01J29/83 ,  C07C1/22

CPC classification number: B01J29/40 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J29/00 ,  B01J29/83 ,  B01J35/002 ,  B01J35/0026 ,  B01J35/1004 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J35/1042 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/04 ,  B01J37/06 ,  B01J37/28 ,  B01J2229/186 ,  B01J2229/36 ,  B01J2229/37 ,  B01J2229/42 ,  B82Y30/00 ,  B82Y40/00 ,  C01B39/54 ,  C07C1/20 ,  C07C1/22 ,  C07C1/24 ,  C07C2/864 ,  C07C41/09 ,  C10G3/49 ,  C10G2400/02 ,  C10G2400/04 ,  Y02P20/125 ,  Y02P30/20 ,  C07C43/043

Abstract: In a process for producing a phosphorus-modified zeolite catalyst, zeolite crystals can be formed into a shaped catalyst body either in the absence of a separate inorganic oxide binder or in the presence of a separate inorganic oxide binder that is substantially free of aluminum. After converting the zeolite crystals to the hydrogen form and removing any organic directing agent employed in the synthesis of the zeolite crystals, the shaped catalyst body can be treated with an aqueous solution of a phosphorus compound, and the treated catalyst body can be heated to remove the water and to convert the phosphorus compound to an oxide form.

Abstract translation: 在制备磷改性沸石催化剂的方法中，沸石晶体可以在不存在分开的无机氧化物粘合剂的情况下或在基本上不含铝的单独的无机氧化物粘合剂的存在下形成成型的催化剂体。 在将沸石晶体转化为氢形式并除去合成沸石晶体中的任何有机导向剂后，可以用磷化合物的水溶液处理成型的催化剂体，并且可以加热处理的催化剂体以除去 水并将磷化合物转化为氧化物形式。

公开(公告)号：US20130102824A1

公开(公告)日：2013-04-25

申请号：US13652681

申请日：2012-10-16

Applicant: ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company

Inventor： TILMAN W. BEUTEL ,  STEPHEN J. McCARTHY ,  BEAU WALDRUP ,  MICHEL DAAGE ,  KARLTON J. HICKEY

IPC: B01J29/83 ,  C07C1/22

CPC classification number: B01J29/40 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J29/00 ,  B01J29/83 ,  B01J35/002 ,  B01J35/0026 ,  B01J35/1004 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J35/1042 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/04 ,  B01J37/06 ,  B01J37/28 ,  B01J2229/186 ,  B01J2229/36 ,  B01J2229/37 ,  B01J2229/42 ,  B82Y30/00 ,  B82Y40/00 ,  C01B39/54 ,  C07C1/20 ,  C07C1/22 ,  C07C1/24 ,  C07C2/864 ,  C07C41/09 ,  C10G3/49 ,  C10G2400/02 ,  C10G2400/04 ,  Y02P20/125 ,  Y02P30/20 ,  C07C43/043

Abstract: A bound phosphorus-modified catalyst composition comprises a zeolite having a silica to alumina molar ratio of at least 40, phosphorus in an amount between about 0.1 wt % and about 3 wt % of the total catalyst composition, and a binder essentially free of aluminum. The bound catalyst composition can advantageously exhibit at least one of: (a) microporous surface area of at least 340 m2/g; (b) an alpha value after steaming in ˜100% steam for ˜96 hours at ˜1000° F. (˜538° C.) of at least 40; and (c) a coke deactivation rate constant ˜1.5×10−2 sec−1 measured at ˜120° C. and ˜60 torr (˜8 kPa) and (ii) a coke deactivation rate constant

Abstract translation: 结合的磷改性的催化剂组合物包含二氧化硅与氧化铝摩尔比为至少40的沸石，其量为总催化剂组合物的约0.1重量％至约3重量％的磷，以及基本上不含铝的粘合剂。 结合的催化剂组合物可以有利地显示以下至少一种：（a）至少340m 2 / g的微孔表面积; （b）约〜100°C（〜538°C）~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ （c）在约1000°F（〜538℃）〜100％蒸汽蒸煮约96小时后焦炭失活速率常数<0.05。 煅烧后的结合催化剂有利地还可以显示（i）在〜120℃和〜60托（〜8kPa）下测量的2,2-二甲基丁烷扩散系数>〜1.5×10-2秒-1和（ii） 焦炭失活速率常数<〜0.15。

公开(公告)号：US08314045B1

公开(公告)日：2012-11-20

申请号：US12913618

申请日：2010-10-27

Applicant: Jacques Sinoncelli ,  Sergey V. Gurevich

Inventor： Jacques Sinoncelli ,  Sergey V. Gurevich

IPC: B01J21/18 ,  B01J23/00 ,  B01J21/00 ,  C07C2/02 ,  C07C2/64 ,  C07C15/067 ,  C07C2/68 ,  C07C5/22 ,  C07C5/52 ,  C07C15/12 ,  C07C2/56 ,  C07C45/00 ,  C07C51/43 ,  C07C63/04 ,  C11B3/00 ,  C11B7/00 ,  C11B13/00

CPC classification number: C11C3/003 ,  B01J21/08 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/1066 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  B01J37/0203 ,  B01J37/06 ,  B01J37/084 ,  B01J37/20 ,  C07C2/58 ,  C10G29/205 ,  C10L1/026 ,  Y02E50/13 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  C07C9/02

Abstract: A porous solid acid catalyst having high concentration of acidic sites and a large surface area includes a porous silica support and a sulfonated carbon layer disposed within the pores of the silica support. The catalyst, in certain embodiments, has a concentration of —SO3H groups of at least about 0.5 mmol/g and a predominant pore size of at least about 300 Å. The catalyst is used to catalyze a variety of acid-catalyzed reactions, including but not limited to alkylation, acylation, etherification, olefin hydration and alcohol dehydration, dimerization of olefin and bicyclic compounds, esterification and transesterification. For example, the catalyst can be used to catalyze esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) and, in certain embodiments, to catalyze transesterification of triglycerides in fats and oils. The catalyst is prepared by impregnating a silica support with a phenol-containing material, processing the material to form a polymer, carbonizing the polymer to form a carbon layer within the silica support, and sulfonating the resulting carbon layer to form sulfonated carbon.

Abstract translation: 具有高浓度酸性位点和大表面积的多孔固体酸催化剂包括多孔二氧化硅载体和设置在二氧化硅载体的孔内的磺化碳层。 在某些实施方案中，催化剂具有至少约0.5mmol / g的-SO 3 H基团浓度和至少约300A的主要孔径。 催化剂用于催化各种酸催化反应，包括但不限于烷基化，酰化，醚化，烯烃水合和醇脱水，烯烃和双环化合物的二聚，酯化和酯交换。 例如，催化剂可用于催化游离脂肪酸（FFA）的酯化，并且在某些实施方案中催化甘油三酯在脂肪和油中的酯交换。 催化剂是通过用含苯酚的材料浸渍二氧化硅载体，加工该材料以形成聚合物，碳化聚合物以在二氧化硅载体内形成碳层并磺化所得的碳层以形成磺化碳来制备的。

公开(公告)号：US20120145596A1

公开(公告)日：2012-06-14

申请号：US13314683

申请日：2011-12-08

Applicant: Stanley Nemec MILAM ,  Michael Anthony REYNOLDS ,  Scott Lee WELLINGTON ,  Frederik Arnold BUHRMAN

Inventor： Stanley Nemec MILAM ,  Michael Anthony REYNOLDS ,  Scott Lee WELLINGTON ,  Frederik Arnold BUHRMAN

IPC: C10G1/04

CPC classification number: C10G65/12 ,  B01J23/652 ,  B01J23/85 ,  B01J27/051 ,  B01J27/0515 ,  B01J35/002 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J35/1038 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  C10G45/04 ,  C10G47/06 ,  C10G2300/202 ,  C10G2300/301 ,  C10G2300/4006 ,  C10G2300/4012

Abstract: A process is provided in which a first hydrocarbon-containing composition is provided where the first hydrocarbon-containing composition comprises hydrocarbons having a boiling range from 25° C. to 538° C. and from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. % sulfur, where at least 40 wt. % of the sulfur is contained in hydrocarbons having a boiling point of less than 343° C. where at least 40 wt. % of the sulfur contained in hydrocarbons having a boiling point less than 343° C. is contained in benzothiophenic compounds, and the first hydrocarbon-containing compound is hydrotreated to produce a second hydrocarbon-containing compound.

Abstract translation: 提供了一种方法，其中提供第一含烃组合物，其中第一含烃组合物包含沸点范围为25℃至538℃的烃和0.1重量％ ％至5wt。 ％硫，其中至少40wt。 硫含量在沸点低于343℃的烃中，其中至少40wt。 在苯并噻吩类化合物中含有沸点低于343℃的烃中所含的硫的％，第一含烃化合物被加氢处理以产生第二含烃化合物。

公开(公告)号：US07825064B2

公开(公告)日：2010-11-02

申请号：US10558917

申请日：2004-06-03

Applicant: Michael S. Wong ,  Israel E. Wachs ,  William V. Knowles

Inventor： Michael S. Wong ,  Israel E. Wachs ,  William V. Knowles

IPC: B01J23/00 ,  B01J23/32 ,  B01J23/46 ,  B01J23/40 ,  B01J23/70 ,  B01J23/745 ,  B01J23/75

CPC classification number: B01J35/0013 ,  B01J21/06 ,  B01J21/066 ,  B01J23/20 ,  B01J23/24 ,  B01J23/30 ,  B01J29/0308 ,  B01J29/041 ,  B01J31/06 ,  B01J31/063 ,  B01J35/10 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  B01J37/0018 ,  B01J37/036 ,  C01G23/047 ,  C01G23/0536 ,  C01G25/00 ,  C01G31/00 ,  C01G41/00 ,  C01P2006/12 ,  C01P2006/16 ,  C04B38/02 ,  C04B2111/0081 ,  C07C5/3332 ,  C07C2523/30 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  C04B35/48 ,  C07C11/06

Abstract: A process for making a porous catalyst, comprises a) providing an aqueous solution containing a nanoparticle precursor, b) forming a composition containing nanoparticles, c) adding a first catalytic component or precursor thereof and a pore-forming agent to the composition containing nanoparticles and allowing the first catalytic component, the pore-forming agent, and the nanoparticles form an organic-inorganic structure, d) removing water from the organic-inorganic structure; and e) removing the pore-forming agent from the organic-inorganic structure so as to yield a porous catalyst.

Abstract translation: 一种制备多孔催化剂的方法，包括a）提供含有纳米颗粒前体的水溶液，b）形成含有纳米颗粒的组合物，c）将第一催化组分或其前体和成孔剂加入到含有纳米颗粒的组合物中， 允许第一催化组分，造孔剂和纳米颗粒形成有机 - 无机结构，d）从有机 - 无机结构中除去水; 和e）从有机 - 无机结构中除去造孔剂，以产生多孔催化剂。

公开(公告)号：US20090018374A1

公开(公告)日：2009-01-15

申请号：US12161634

申请日：2006-01-23

Applicant: Focco Cornelis Bijlsma ,  Jan Lodewijk Maria Dierickx ,  Arend Hoek ,  Frans Joris Antonius Kellendonk ,  Anna Elisabeth Maria Oud

Inventor： Focco Cornelis Bijlsma ,  Jan Lodewijk Maria Dierickx ,  Arend Hoek ,  Frans Joris Antonius Kellendonk ,  Anna Elisabeth Maria Oud

IPC: B01J21/04 ,  C07C5/02 ,  C07B35/00

CPC classification number: B01J23/755 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J35/10 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  B01J37/0205 ,  C10G2/332 ,  C10G3/45 ,  C10G3/50 ,  C10G45/00 ,  C10G45/06 ,  C10G45/12 ,  C10G2300/1022 ,  C10G2300/4018 ,  Y02P30/20

Abstract: A hydrogenation catalyst particularly suitable for hydrogenating oxygenates in a hydrogenation unit of a Fischer-Tropsch plant is disclosed. A preferred embodiment comprises more than 5% and less than 20% nickel based on a wide pore alumina support. The catalyst successfully hydrogenates oxygenates which otherwise tend to poison a catalyst in a hydroconversion unit downstream. Moreover, the temperature at which the unwanted hydrogenolysis of long chain paraffins to methane occurs is higher for one catalyst disclosed herein than a comparable known catalyst. This allows the hydrogenation plant to operate at a higher temperature.

Abstract translation: 公开了一种特别适用于在费 - 托工厂的氢化单元中氢化含氧化合物的氢化催化剂。 优选的实施方案包括基于宽孔氧化铝载体的超过5％且小于20％的镍。 催化剂成功地氢化含氧化合物，否则其倾向于在下游的加氢转化单元中毒催化剂。 此外，与可比较的已知催化剂相比，长链烷烃对甲烷的不期望的氢解发生的温度比本文公开的一种催化剂更高。 这允许氢化装置在较高的温度下运行。

公开(公告)号：US07090825B2

公开(公告)日：2006-08-15

申请号：US10473938

申请日：2002-03-27

Applicant: Jean-Luc Le Loarer ,  Christophe Nedez

Inventor： Jean-Luc Le Loarer ,  Christophe Nedez

IPC: C01F7/02 ,  B01J20/08 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J32/00

CPC classification number: B01J20/28019 ,  B01J20/08 ,  B01J20/2803 ,  B01J20/28042 ,  B01J20/28069 ,  B01J21/04 ,  B01J35/10 ,  B01J35/1042 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/1066 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  C01F7/02 ,  C01F7/448 ,  C01P2004/50 ,  C01P2004/61 ,  C01P2006/10 ,  C01P2006/12 ,  C01P2006/14

Abstract: The invention relates to alumina agglomerates of the type obtained by dehydrating an aluminium oxyhydroxide or hydroxide, agglomerating the alumina thus obtained, hydrothermally treating the agglomerates and calcinating same. Said agglomerates are characterised in that: the V37 Å thereof is greater than or equal to 75 ml/100 g, preferably greater than or equal to 80 ml/100 g and, better still, greater than or equal to 85 ml/100 g; the V0.1 μm thereof is less than or equal to 31 ml/100 g; and the V0.2 μm thereof is less than or equal to 20 ml/100 g, preferably less than or equal to 15 ml/100 g and, better still, less than or equal to 10 ml/100 g. The invention also relates to a catalyst carrier, an intrinsic catalyst or an absorbent, in particular for use in the petroleum and petrochemical industry, comprising such alumina agglomerates. Moreover, the invention relates to methods for preparing said agglomerates.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及通过使羟基氧化铝或氢氧化钠脱水得到的类型的氧化铝附聚物，使由此获得的氧化铝凝聚，热固化处理附聚物并进行煅烧。 所述附聚物的特征在于：其V 37是大于或等于75ml / 100g，优选大于或等于80ml / 100g，更好地仍大于或大于 等于85ml / 100g; 其0.1％以上的小于或等于31ml / 100g; 并且其0.2μm的小于或等于20ml / 100g，优选小于或等于15ml / 100g，更好的是小于或等于10ml / 100 G。 本发明还涉及一种催化剂载体，本征催化剂或吸收剂，特别是用于石油和石化工业中，包括这种氧化铝附聚物。 此外，本发明涉及制备所述附聚物的方法。

公开(公告)号：US07005118B2

公开(公告)日：2006-02-28

申请号：US10620770

申请日：2003-07-17

Applicant: Eduardo Terres Rojas ,  Jose Manuel Dominguez Esquivel

Inventor： Eduardo Terres Rojas ,  Jose Manuel Dominguez Esquivel

IPC: C01B33/12 ,  C01B33/20 ,  C01B33/26

CPC classification number: B82Y30/00 ,  B01J20/103 ,  B01J20/28019 ,  B01J20/28057 ,  B01J20/28083 ,  B01J21/08 ,  B01J29/0308 ,  B01J29/041 ,  B01J35/1023 ,  B01J35/1028 ,  B01J35/1042 ,  B01J35/1061 ,  B01J35/1085 ,  C01B37/005 ,  C01B37/02 ,  Y10S977/778

Abstract: This invention relates to a new composition of high surface area materials suitable for adsorption of both organic and inorganic species and as a component of catalysts useful for the transformation of hydrocarbons into a variety of products. These materials are composed by mesoporous spherical particles that have large sorption capacity, as demonstrated by the uptake of nitrogen at 78 K having a diameter of 0.1 to 1.0 microns, a mean pore diameter of 2.0 nm to 4.0 nm, a surface area of 750 to 1050 m2/g and a mean pore volume of 0.75 to 1.0 ml/g. The typical inner structure is composed of nanotubes having diameters around 3.5 nm aligned along the radius of the spherical particles, with surface areas around 1,000 m2/g, depending on the surfactant (C16H33N(CH3)3Br) to co-solvent (CnH2n+1OH, where n=2,3, or CH3COCH3) molar ratio. Elliptical particles are also obtained with cylindrical pores running along or across the major axis of the particles having very high surface areas of up to 1561 m2/g and a mean pore diameter of 2.0 to 4.0 nm. The walls of the nanotubes are pure silica or a composition of silica with M(III)Ox where M is a trivalent metal such as Al, Ga, or lanthanide.

Abstract translation: 本发明涉及适于吸附有机和无机物质的高表面积材料的新组合物，以及用于将烃转化为多种产物的催化剂组分。 这些材料由具有大吸附能力的介孔球形颗粒组成，如通过在78K下吸收直径为0.1至1.0微米的氮气，平均孔径为2.0nm至4.0nm，表面积为750至 1050m 2 / g，平均孔体积为0.75〜1.0ml / g。 典型的内部结构由沿着球形颗粒的半径排列的直径约3.5nm的纳米管组成，其表面积约为1000m 2 / g，这取决于表面活性剂（C 16 C 16） N（CH 3）3 Br）与共溶剂（C n H n H 3） 其中n = 2,3或CH 3 COCH 3 3摩尔比。 也可以获得椭圆形颗粒，其圆柱形孔沿着或横过具有高达1561m 2 / g的非常高的表面积和2.0至4.0nm的平均孔径的颗粒的长轴。 纳米管的壁是纯二氧化硅或具有M（III）O x x的二氧化硅组合物，其中M是三价金属如Al，Ga或镧系元素。