公开(公告)号：US20130178664A1

公开(公告)日：2013-07-11

申请号：US13595365

申请日：2012-08-27

申请人： Zhenhua Zhou ,  Victor Johnston ,  Dheeraj Kumar ,  Xiaoyan Tu ,  Heiko Weiner ,  Radmila Wollrab

发明人： Zhenhua Zhou ,  Victor Johnston ,  Dheeraj Kumar ,  Xiaoyan Tu ,  Heiko Weiner ,  Radmila Wollrab

IPC分类号： B01J23/89 ,  C07C29/149 ,  B01J23/888 ,  B01J23/30 ,  B01J23/652

CPC分类号： B01J23/888 ,  B01J21/08 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/06 ,  B01J23/10 ,  B01J23/14 ,  B01J23/20 ,  B01J23/24 ,  B01J23/34 ,  B01J23/38 ,  B01J23/626 ,  B01J23/70 ,  B01J23/898 ,  B01J23/8986 ,  B01J23/8993 ,  B01J23/96 ,  B01J35/0006 ,  B01J37/0205 ,  B01J37/024 ,  B01J37/0244 ,  B01J37/08 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C07C29/149 ,  Y02P20/584 ,  B01J2523/41 ,  B01J2523/43 ,  B01J2523/69 ,  B01J2523/828 ,  B01J2523/845 ,  C07C31/08

摘要： The present invention relates to catalysts, to processes for making catalysts and to chemical processes employing such catalysts. The catalysts are preferably used for converting acetic acid to ethanol. The catalyst comprises a precious metal and one or more active metals on a modified support. The modified support may comprise cobalt tungstate.

摘要翻译： 本发明涉及催化剂，制备催化剂的方法和使用这种催化剂的化学方法。 催化剂优选用于将乙酸转化为乙醇。 催化剂包含贵金属和一种或多种在改性载体上的活性金属。 改性的载体可以包括钨酸钴。

公开(公告)号：US20130178661A1

公开(公告)日：2013-07-11

申请号：US13595340

申请日：2012-08-27

申请人： Zhenhua Zhou ,  Heiko Weiner ,  Radmila Wollrab

发明人： Zhenhua Zhou ,  Heiko Weiner ,  Radmila Wollrab

IPC分类号： B01J23/89 ,  B01J23/75 ,  C07C29/149 ,  B01J23/888

CPC分类号： B01J23/888 ,  B01J21/08 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/06 ,  B01J23/10 ,  B01J23/14 ,  B01J23/20 ,  B01J23/24 ,  B01J23/34 ,  B01J23/38 ,  B01J23/626 ,  B01J23/70 ,  B01J23/898 ,  B01J23/8986 ,  B01J23/8993 ,  B01J23/96 ,  B01J35/0006 ,  B01J37/0205 ,  B01J37/024 ,  B01J37/0244 ,  B01J37/08 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C07C29/149 ,  Y02P20/584 ,  B01J2523/41 ,  B01J2523/43 ,  B01J2523/69 ,  B01J2523/828 ,  B01J2523/845 ,  C07C31/08

摘要： The present invention relates to catalysts, to processes for making catalysts and to chemical processes employing such catalysts. The catalysts are preferably used for converting acetic acid to ethanol. The catalyst comprises a precious metal and one or more active metals on a modified support that comprises cobalt.

公开(公告)号：US08383544B2

公开(公告)日：2013-02-26

申请号：US12599411

申请日：2008-04-16

申请人： Stephan Eckhoff ,  Meike Wittrock ,  Ulrich Goebel ,  Ina Grisstede ,  Ruediger Hoyer ,  Wilfried Mueller ,  Thomas Kreuzer ,  Maria Cristina Casapu ,  Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt ,  Marek Maciejewski ,  Aflons Baiker

发明人： Stephan Eckhoff ,  Meike Wittrock ,  Ulrich Goebel ,  Ina Grisstede ,  Ruediger Hoyer ,  Wilfried Mueller ,  Thomas Kreuzer ,  Maria Cristina Casapu ,  Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt ,  Marek Maciejewski ,  Aflons Baiker

IPC分类号： B01J23/58

CPC分类号： B01J35/002 ,  B01D53/9422 ,  B01D53/96 ,  B01D2255/2042 ,  B01D2255/2065 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/63 ,  B01J23/96 ,  B01J38/04 ,  B01J38/06 ,  B01J38/08 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  B01J2523/25 ,  B01J2523/3712 ,  B01J2523/828

摘要： Nitrogen oxide storage catalysts are used to remove the nitrogen oxides present in the lean exhaust gas of lean-burn engines. As a result of the stress due to high temperatures in vehicle operation, they are subject to thermal aging processes which affect both the nitrogen oxide storage components and the noble metals present as catalytically active components. The present invention provides a process with which the catalytic activity of a nitrogen oxide storage catalyst which comprises, in addition to platinum as a catalytically active component, basic compounds of strontium and/or barium on a support material comprising cerium oxide, said catalytic activity being lost owing to the thermal aging process, can be at least partly restored. The two-stage process is based on the fact that strontium and/or barium compounds formed during the thermal aging with the support material, which also comprise platinum, are recycled to the catalytically active forms by controlled treatment with specific gas mixtures.

摘要翻译： 氮氧化物储存催化剂用于去除贫燃发动机的贫废气中存在的氮氧化物。 由于车辆操作中的高温引起的应力的结果，它们受到影响作为催化活性组分存在的氮氧化物存储组分和贵金属两者的热老化过程。 本发明提供了一种氮氧化物储存催化剂的催化活性的方法，除了铂作为催化活性组分之外，还包括锶和/或钡的碱性化合物在包含氧化铈的载体材料上，所述催化活性为 由于热老化过程而损失，可以至少部分恢复。 两阶段工艺是基于以下事实：在热老化期间形成的锶和/或钡化合物与支撑材料（其也包含铂）通过用特定气体混合物的控制处理再循环至催化活性形式。

公开(公告)号：US08151742B2

公开(公告)日：2012-04-10

申请号：US12812107

申请日：2008-12-11

申请人： Shinya Ishimaru ,  Jun Iwamoto ,  Go Motohashi ,  Hitoshi Mikami

发明人： Shinya Ishimaru ,  Jun Iwamoto ,  Go Motohashi ,  Hitoshi Mikami

IPC分类号： F02B43/00 ,  F01N3/00

CPC分类号： B01J23/002 ,  B01D53/9422 ,  B01D53/944 ,  B01D53/9477 ,  B01D53/9495 ,  B01D2251/202 ,  B01D2251/204 ,  B01D2255/1021 ,  B01D2255/1023 ,  B01D2255/1025 ,  B01D2255/206 ,  B01D2255/20707 ,  B01D2255/20715 ,  B01D2255/2092 ,  B01D2255/30 ,  B01D2255/50 ,  B01D2255/91 ,  B01D2258/012 ,  B01J23/58 ,  B01J23/63 ,  B01J29/7215 ,  B01J35/0006 ,  B01J35/04 ,  B01J37/024 ,  B01J37/0242 ,  B01J37/0248 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C01B3/38 ,  C01B3/386 ,  C01B2203/0261 ,  C01B2203/044 ,  C01B2203/047 ,  C01B2203/06 ,  C01B2203/1047 ,  C01B2203/1052 ,  C01B2203/1058 ,  C01B2203/1064 ,  F01N3/0814 ,  F01N3/0842 ,  F01N2240/30 ,  F01N2610/04 ,  F01N2610/05 ,  Y02A50/2341 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  B01J2523/31 ,  B01J2523/3706 ,  B01J2523/3712 ,  B01J2523/3718 ,  B01J2523/828

摘要： Provided is an exhaust gas cleaner by which nitrogen oxides contained in an exhaust gas can be efficiently removed in a wide temperature range from a low temperature. The exhaust gas cleaner (10) is for use in purifying the exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine (15) in which fuel is fed under periodical rich or lean conditions and burned. The cleaner (10) comprises: a reforming means (11) which generates a reforming gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide; a means of low-temperature oxidation (12) which contains palladium and which thereby can oxidize and adsorb nitrogen oxides at low temperatures and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon monoxide; and a purifying means (13) which under lean conditions adsorbs nitrogen oxides and which under rich conditions releases the adsorbed nitrogen oxides and removes the released nitrogen oxides with the hydrogen and carbon monoxide present in the channel. By contriving the layout of the reforming means (11), means of low-temperature oxidation (12), and purifying means (13), nitrogen oxides contained in an exhaust gas can be removed in a wide temperature range from a low temperature.

摘要翻译： 本发明提供一种排气净化器，其能够在低温下的宽温度范围内有效地除去废气中含有的氮氧化物。 排气净化器（10）用于净化从周期性的浓缩或稀薄状态下供给燃料的内燃机（15）排出的废气并燃烧。 清洁器（10）包括：重整装置（11），其产生包含氢气和一氧化碳的重整气体; 含有钯的低温氧化方法（12），由此可以在低温下氧化和吸附氮氧化物并氧化氢和一氧化碳; 以及在贫条件下吸附氮氧化物并在富条件下释放吸附的氮氧化物并通过通道中存在的氢和一氧化碳除去释放的氮氧化物的净化装置（13）。 通过设计重整装置（11）的布置，低温氧化装置（12）和净化装置（13），可以在低温下的宽温度范围内去除废气中所含的氮氧化物。

公开(公告)号：US08133463B1

公开(公告)日：2012-03-13

申请号：US12422346

申请日：2009-04-13

申请人： David A. Berry ,  Dushyant Shekhawat ,  Daniel Haynes ,  Mark Smith ,  James J. Spivey

发明人： David A. Berry ,  Dushyant Shekhawat ,  Daniel Haynes ,  Mark Smith ,  James J. Spivey

IPC分类号： C01B31/18 ,  C01B3/26

CPC分类号： C01B3/40 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/63 ,  B01J23/83 ,  B01J37/0236 ,  B01J37/031 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C01B3/326 ,  C01B2203/0233 ,  C01B2203/0238 ,  C01B2203/0261 ,  C01B2203/1011 ,  C01B2203/1023 ,  C01B2203/1041 ,  C01B2203/1047 ,  C01B2203/1082 ,  C01B2203/1088 ,  C01B2203/1217 ,  C01B2203/1235 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  B01J2523/24 ,  B01J2523/3706 ,  B01J2523/48 ,  B01J2523/847 ,  B01J2523/828 ,  B01J2523/822 ,  B01J2523/821 ,  B01J2523/22 ,  B01J2523/23 ,  B01J2523/25 ,  B01J2523/3712 ,  B01J2523/375 ,  B01J2523/3737 ,  B01J2523/36 ,  B01J2523/47

摘要： A method of catalytically reforming a reactant gas mixture using a pyrochlore catalyst material comprised of one or more pyrochlores having the composition A2-w-xA′wA″xB2-y-zB′yB″zO7-Δ. Distribution of catalytically active metals throughout the structure at the B site creates an active and well dispersed metal locked into place in the crystal structure. This greatly reduces the metal sintering that typically occurs on supported catalysts used in reforming reactions, and reduces deactivation by sulfur and carbon. Further, oxygen mobility may also be enhanced by elemental exchange of promoters at sites in the pyrochlore. The pyrochlore catalyst material may be utilized in catalytic reforming reactions for the conversion of hydrocarbon fuels into synthesis gas (H2+CO) for fuel cells, among other uses.

摘要翻译： 使用由具有组合物A2-w-xA'wA“xB2-y-zB'yB”zO7-＆Dgr的一种或多种烧绿石组成的烧绿石催化剂材料催化重整反应气体混合物的方法。 催化活性金属在B位置的整个结构中的分布产生锁定在晶体结构中的活性和良好分散的金属。 这大大降低了在重整反应中使用的负载催化剂上通常发生的金属烧结，并减少了硫和碳的失活。 此外，通过在烧绿石中的位点处促进剂的元素交换也可以提高氧迁移率。 烧绿石催化剂材料可用于催化重整反应，用于将燃料转化为用于燃料电池的合成气（H 2 + CO）等。

公开(公告)号：US20110301024A1

公开(公告)日：2011-12-08

申请号：US13201715

申请日：2010-02-23

申请人： Robert Johan Andreas Maria Terorde ,  Luuk Laurentius Kramer

发明人： Robert Johan Andreas Maria Terorde ,  Luuk Laurentius Kramer

IPC分类号： B01J21/06 ,  C10L1/00 ,  C07C51/36 ,  C07C27/00 ,  B01J21/08 ,  B01J37/16

CPC分类号： C10G3/45 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/75 ,  B01J23/755 ,  B01J23/8896 ,  B01J23/8913 ,  B01J35/006 ,  B01J37/0203 ,  B01J37/0205 ,  B01J37/024 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C07C51/36 ,  C10G2/33 ,  C10G2/332 ,  C10G3/48 ,  C10G3/50 ,  C10G3/56 ,  C10G45/00 ,  C10G2300/1022 ,  C10G2300/70 ,  Y02P30/20 ,  C07C53/126 ,  B01J2523/31 ,  B01J2523/41 ,  B01J2523/824 ,  B01J2523/828 ,  B01J2523/845

摘要： A process for preparing a catalyst precursor includes, in a first preparation step, impregnating a particulate catalyst support with an organic metal compound in a carrier liquid. The metal of the organic metal compound is an active catalyst component. An impregnated intermediate is formed, and is calcined to obtain a calcined intermediate. Thereafter, in a second preparation step, the calcined intermediate from the first preparation step is impregnated with an inorganic metal salt in a carrier liquid. The metal of the inorganic metal salt is an active catalyst component. An impregnated support is obtained, and is calcined, to obtain the catalyst precursor. The metal is in particular cobalt. The precursor is reduced, in particular with hydrogen, to obtain the active catalyst. Also claimed is a process for the hydrogenation of CO, as well as a process for the hydrogenation of an organic compound using the so-prepared catalyst.

摘要翻译： 制备催化剂前体的方法包括在第一制备步骤中，将载体中的有机金属化合物的颗粒催化剂载体浸渍。 有机金属化合物的金属是活性催化剂组分。 形成浸渍的中间体，并煅烧得到煅烧的中间体。 此后，在第二制备步骤中，将来自第一制备步骤的煅烧中间体在载体液中浸渍无机金属盐。 无机金属盐的金属是活性催化剂成分。 获得浸渍的载体，并煅烧，得到催化剂前体。 金属特别是钴。 前体特别是用氢还原，得到活性催化剂。 还要求的是CO的氢化方法，以及使用如此制备的催化剂氢化有机化合物的方法。

公开(公告)号：US20110287928A1

公开(公告)日：2011-11-24

申请号：US13050702

申请日：2011-03-17

申请人： Tadao NAKATSUJI ,  Kazuya INADA ,  Yuji ISOGAI ,  Kiyoshi TANAAMI

发明人： Tadao NAKATSUJI ,  Kazuya INADA ,  Yuji ISOGAI ,  Kiyoshi TANAAMI

IPC分类号： B01J21/06 ,  B01J35/02

CPC分类号： F01N3/101 ,  B01D53/945 ,  B01D2255/1021 ,  B01D2255/1023 ,  B01D2255/1025 ,  B01D2255/2061 ,  B01D2255/2063 ,  B01D2255/2065 ,  B01D2255/2066 ,  B01D2255/2068 ,  B01D2255/207 ,  B01D2255/20707 ,  B01D2255/20715 ,  B01D2255/20776 ,  B01D2255/2092 ,  B01D2255/30 ,  B01D2255/9022 ,  B01D2255/911 ,  B01D2258/014 ,  B01J21/066 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/10 ,  B01J23/20 ,  B01J23/30 ,  B01J23/40 ,  B01J23/63 ,  B01J35/0006 ,  B01J35/04 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J35/1019 ,  B01J37/0244 ,  B01J37/038 ,  B01J2523/36 ,  B01J2523/3718 ,  B01J2523/3725 ,  B01J2523/41 ,  B01J2523/48 ,  B01J2523/56 ,  B01J2523/69 ,  B01J2523/822 ,  B01J2523/824 ,  B01J2523/828 ,  F01N3/10 ,  F01N2370/02 ,  F01N2510/0684 ,  Y02T10/22

摘要： The invention provides a catalyst for catalytically removing three components which are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from combustion exhaust gas generated by combusting fuel in the neighborhood of the stoichiometric air to fuel ratio by bringing the combustion exhaust gas into contact therewith, the catalyst comprising: (A) a first catalyst component comprising at least one member selected from rhodium, platinum, and palladium in a content of 0.01 to 0.5% by weight; and (B) a second catalyst component, which is the remainder, comprising a composite oxide or a mixed oxide comprising (a) at least one oxide selected from zirconium oxide and titanium oxide, and (b) an oxide of at least one element selected from praseodymium, yttrium, neodymium, tungsten, niobium, silicon, and aluminum, wherein the content of the oxide (a) in the composite oxide or the mixed oxide is in a range of 70 to 95% by weight. The invention further provides a two-layer catalyst which comprises a surface catalyst layer comprising the above-mentioned catalyst.

摘要翻译： 本发明提供一种催化剂，用于通过使燃烧废气与其接触而在理论空燃比附近燃烧燃料而产生的来自燃烧废气的三氧化碳，烃和氮氧化物，催化剂包括 （A）含有0.01〜0.5重量％的选自铑，铂，钯中的至少1种的第一催化剂成分; 和（B）第二催化剂组分，其余为包含复合氧化物或混合氧化物，其包含（a）至少一种选自氧化锆和氧化钛的氧化物，和（b）选自至少一种元素的氧化物 来自镨，钇，钕，钨，铌，硅和铝，其中复合氧化物或混合氧化物中氧化物（a）的含量在70至95重量％的范围内。 本发明还提供一种双层催化剂，其包括含有上述催化剂的表面催化剂层。

公开(公告)号：US20110263891A1

公开(公告)日：2011-10-27

申请号：US13173190

申请日：2011-06-30

申请人： Heiko Weiner ,  Victor J. Johnston ,  John L. Potts ,  Radmila Jevtic

发明人： Heiko Weiner ,  Victor J. Johnston ,  John L. Potts ,  Radmila Jevtic

IPC分类号： C07C29/149 ,  C07C67/00

CPC分类号： B01J23/36 ,  B01J21/16 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/626 ,  B01J23/6522 ,  B01J23/6525 ,  B01J23/6527 ,  B01J23/6567 ,  B01J23/8896 ,  B01J23/8898 ,  B01J23/8913 ,  B01J23/8946 ,  B01J23/8966 ,  B01J23/8986 ,  B01J23/8993 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/0207 ,  B01J37/08 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C07C1/24 ,  C07C29/149 ,  Y02E50/18 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  C07C11/04 ,  C07C31/08 ,  B01J2523/27 ,  B01J2523/41 ,  B01J2523/43 ,  B01J2523/828 ,  B01J2523/22 ,  B01J2523/23 ,  B01J2523/69 ,  B01J2523/845

摘要： A process for selective formation of ethanol from acetic acid includes contacting a feed stream containing acetic acid and hydrogen at an elevated temperature with catalyst comprising platinum and tin on a high surface area silica promoted with calcium metasilicate. Selectivities to ethanol of over 85% are achieved at 280° C. with catalyst life in the hundreds of hours.

摘要翻译： 从乙酸中选择性形成乙醇的方法包括在升高的温度下将含有乙酸和氢气的进料流与含有偏硅酸钙促进的高表面积的二氧化硅和锡的催化剂接触。 乙醇的选择性超过85％，在280℃下达到，催化剂寿命达数百小时。

公开(公告)号：US20110219748A1

公开(公告)日：2011-09-15

申请号：US13130348

申请日：2009-11-20

申请人： Hiroshi Akama ,  Hitoshi Onodera ,  Toru Nishizawa ,  Yasunari Hanaki ,  Hideaki Morisaka

发明人： Hiroshi Akama ,  Hitoshi Onodera ,  Toru Nishizawa ,  Yasunari Hanaki ,  Hideaki Morisaka

IPC分类号： F01N3/035 ,  F01N3/18

CPC分类号： F01N3/0222 ,  B01D46/0061 ,  B01D46/2418 ,  B01D53/944 ,  B01D2255/206 ,  B01D2255/40 ,  B01D2255/908 ,  B01D2258/012 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/10 ,  B01J23/20 ,  B01J23/63 ,  B01J23/6484 ,  B01J23/66 ,  B01J35/002 ,  B01J35/04 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C01F17/0043 ,  C01P2002/74 ,  C01P2004/52 ,  C01P2004/61 ,  C01P2006/12 ,  Y02P20/584 ,  Y02T10/20 ,  B01J2523/3712 ,  B01J2523/48 ,  B01J2523/824 ,  B01J2523/24 ,  B01J2523/828 ,  B01J2523/36 ,  B01J2523/18 ,  B01J2523/3706 ,  B01J2523/3725 ,  B01J2523/56

摘要： A particulate matter purifying material is used for a filter catalyst for purifying particulate matter that is disposed in an exhaust gas flow path of an internal combustion engine, traps the particulate matter in exhaust gas generated in the internal combustion engine, and burns the particulate matter to be deposited, so as to be regenerated. The particulate matter purifying material includes an oxide containing cerium (Ce) having an oxygen storage-release capacity, and at least one metal (Me) selected from the group consisting of Zr, Y, La, Pr, Sr, Nb and Nd, wherein a content ratio (Ce:Me) of cerium to the metal is 6:4 to 9:1 in terms of an atomic ratio, and a degree of crystallinity (CR) represented by the following formula (1) is within a range of 25 to 60%: Degree of crystallinity(CR)=I/I0×100(%)  (1) wherein I represents an X-ray diffraction peak intensity with regard to a (111) plane of a CeO2 phase in the particulate matter purifying material, and I0 represents the X-ray diffraction peak intensity with regard to the (111) plane of the CeO2 phase after the particulate matter purifying material is baked in air at 1000° C.

摘要翻译： 颗粒物质净化材料用于净化内燃机的排气流路中的颗粒物质的过滤催化剂，捕集在内燃机中产生的废气中的颗粒物质，并将该颗粒物燃烧成 沉积，以便再生。 颗粒物净化材料包括含有具有储氧能力的铈（Ce）和至少一种选自Zr，Y，La，Pr，Sr，Nb和Nd的金属（Me）的氧化物，其中 以原子比计，铈与金属的含量比（Ce：Me）为6：4〜9：1，由下式（1）表示的结晶度（CR）为25以下 至60％：结晶度（CR）= I / I0×100（％）（1）其中I表示关于颗粒物净化材料中CeO 2相的（111）面的X射线衍射峰强度 I0表示在空气中在1000℃下烘烤颗粒物净化材料后的CeO 2相的（111）面的X射线衍射峰强度。

公开(公告)号：US20110166012A1

公开(公告)日：2011-07-07

申请号：US12911827

申请日：2010-10-26

申请人： Jun Yang ,  Shinichi Hirano ,  Richard E. Soltis ,  Andrew Robert Drews ,  Andrea Pulskamp ,  James Waldecker

发明人： Jun Yang ,  Shinichi Hirano ,  Richard E. Soltis ,  Andrew Robert Drews ,  Andrea Pulskamp ,  James Waldecker

IPC分类号： B01J35/02 ,  B01J23/52 ,  B01J23/72 ,  B01J23/50 ,  B01J21/02 ,  B01J23/46 ,  B01J23/44 ,  B01J23/28 ,  B01J23/20 ,  B01J23/30 ,  B01J21/06 ,  B01J23/02 ,  B01J27/24 ,  B01J27/22 ,  B01J21/18 ,  B01J27/04 ,  B01J27/02 ,  B01J21/08 ,  B01J31/06 ,  B82Y30/00

CPC分类号： H01M4/921 ,  B01J23/892 ,  B01J2523/828 ,  B01J2523/847 ,  H01M4/90 ,  H01M4/9041 ,  H01M4/9075 ,  H01M4/9083 ,  H01M4/92 ,  H01M4/925 ,  H01M4/926

摘要： In one embodiment, the catalyst assembly includes a two-dimension (2-D) extensive catalyst having a catalyst crystal plane; and a substrate supporting the 2-D extensive catalyst and having a substrate crystal plane in substantial alignment with the catalyst crystal plane. In certain instances, the catalyst crystal plane includes first and second adjacent catalyst atoms defining a catalyst atomic distance, the substrate crystal plane includes first and second adjacent substrate atoms defining a substrate atomic distance, a percent difference between the catalyst and substrate atomic distances is less than 10 percent.

摘要翻译： 在一个实施方案中，催化剂组合物包括具有催化剂晶面的二维（2-D）广泛催化剂; 以及支撑2-D广泛催化剂并具有与催化剂晶面基本对准的基板晶面的基板。 在某些情况下，催化剂晶面包括限定催化剂原子距离的第一和第二相邻的催化剂原子，衬底晶面包括限定衬底原子距离的第一和第二相邻衬底原子，催化剂和衬底原子距离之间的百分比差较小 超过10％。